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Master Sommelier > Central and Southern Italy > Flashcards

Central and Southern Italy Flashcards

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1
Q

When was legislation delimiting the Chianti zone established?

A

1716

This legislation marks the formal recognition of the Chianti wine region.

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2
Q

What type of agriculture is prevalent in Tuscany?

A

Commercial agriculture

Wine and commercial agriculture contribute significantly to Tuscany’s economy.

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3
Q

What three crops are commonly found in Tuscany’s agricultural landscape?

A

Olive trees, vineyards, wheat

These crops reflect the ancient Roman practice of planting staple crops side by side.

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4
Q

What is a fiasco in the context of Chianti wine?

A

A squat, straw-covered bottle

The fiasco was used due to the inferior quality of Italian glass in the past.

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5
Q

In which decades was Chianti viewed as rustic and cheap?

A

1960s, 1970s, 1980s

This perception was due to the quality issues associated with Chianti wine during these years.

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6
Q

What significant changes have Tuscan winemakers made in the last quarter century?

A

Surge in quality, slashing vineyard yields

These changes have contributed to a notable improvement in Tuscan wine quality.

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7
Q

Who is Marquis Mario Rocchetta?

A

A trailblazer of the ‘Super-Tuscan’ movement

He released the first commercial vintage of Sassicaia in 1968.

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8
Q

What notable wine did Piero Antinori release?

A

Tignanello. 1971

Tignanello is another significant wine that followed the success of Sassicaia.

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9
Q

What influence has affected modern Tuscan winemaking?

A

Bordeaux grapes and model of winemaking

This influence has raised quality but may have impacted typicity.

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10
Q

How much wine does Tuscany produce annually?

A

Around 2.7 million hectoliters

This production level highlights Tuscany’s role in the wine industry.

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11
Q

What percentage of Tuscan wine is at the DOC/DOCG level?

A

About 60%

This reflects the high standards of quality in Tuscan winemaking.

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12
Q

How many DOCGs does Tuscany have?

A

11 DOCGs

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13
Q

Which regions have more DOCGs than Tuscany?

A

Piedmont and Veneto

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14
Q

What type of climate does Tuscany generally enjoy?

A

Dry, Mediterranean climate

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15
Q

What are the characteristics of winters in Tuscany?

A

Harsh winters

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16
Q

What are the characteristics of summers in Tuscany?

A

Long and hot summers

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17
Q

What is a notable climatic difference between Montalcino and Montepulciano?

A

Montalcino is more arid; Montepulciano has a more seasonal, continental climate

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18
Q

What contributes to the diverse soil structure in Tuscany?

A

Width of the region and changing altitudes of sloped vineyards

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19
Q

Fill in the blank: The soil structure of Tuscany is _______.

A

diverse

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20
Q

True or False: Tuscany has the highest number of DOCGs in Italy.

A

False

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21
Q

What is the main red grape of Tuscany?

A

Sangiovese

Sangiovese is one of the great indigenous red grapes of Italy.

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22
Q

What are the typical characteristics of Sangiovese wines?

A

Light in color, high in acidity, firmly tannic, medium- to full-bodied

Common flavor notes include sour cherry and herbal undertones.

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23
Q

In what type of casks is Sangiovese traditionally aged?

A

Large European casks, often Slavonian

Modern wines may also be aged in new barriques.

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24
Q

What is the role of Cabernet Sauvignon and Colorino in Sangiovese blends?

A

To add color and power

Canaiolo historically softened Sangiovese’s hard attack.

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25
What is the significance of the Chianti Classico 2000 Project?
It focuses on clonal research for Sangiovese ## Footnote The project started in 1987.
26
What properties are often considered when selecting Sangiovese clones?
Disease resistance, thicker skins, higher proportion of anthocyanins ## Footnote Clonal research aims to improve these characteristics.
27
True or False: Sangiovese is Italy’s most planted red variety.
True ## Footnote This highlights its importance in Italian viticulture.
28
What are some derivatives of previously isolated Sangiovese clones?
Brunello clone of Montalcino, Prugnolo Gentile clone of Montepulciano ## Footnote Research continues to refine understanding of Sangiovese.
29
What is a common challenge faced by Sangiovese in the vineyard?
Subject to permutation ## Footnote This variability can affect wine production and quality.
30
Name all the Sangiovese DOCGs of Tuscany
*Chianti *Chianti Classico *Carmignano *Vino Nobile de Montepulciano *Morellino di Scansano *Montecucco Sangiovese *Brunello di Montalcino
31
Which DOCG allows only Sangiovese as the red grape?
Brunello di Montalcino ## Footnote This DOCG is exclusive to Sangiovese, highlighting its significance.
32
Name two international grape varieties that influence Tuscan wine production.
* Cabernet Sauvignon * Merlot ## Footnote These grapes are often used in blends, especially in Super-Tuscan wines.
33
What role do Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot play in Chianti production?
They can be added in minor proportions providing lushness and flesh to the skeleton of Sangiovese. ## Footnote Their primary importance is in Super-Tuscan blends.
34
What grape is gaining momentum in Tuscany?
Syrah ## Footnote Syrah's popularity is increasing among producers in the region.
35
Which white grape is Italy’s most planted and commonly found in Tuscany?
Trebbiano Toscano ## Footnote This grape is often blended with Malvasia.
36
What is the common blending partner of Trebbiano Toscano?
Malvasia ## Footnote This partnership is typical in Tuscan white wine production.
37
Which local white grape is primarily found in San Gimignano?
Vernaccia ## Footnote Vernaccia is specific to the San Gimignano area.
38
What grape variety shows great promise in the coastal vineyards of Maremma?
Vermentino ## Footnote Producers are increasingly investing in Vermentino plantings.
39
What percentage of wine produced in Tuscany is red?
More than 85% ## Footnote This statistic emphasizes the dominance of red wine in the region.
40
In what year was Chianti elevated to DOCG status?
1984
41
When were the limits of the modern Chianti zone established?
1932
42
List the seven subzones created for the Chianti region.
* Classico * Rùfina * Colli Fiorentini * Colli Senesi * Colline Pisane * Colli Aretini * Montalbano ## Footnote Montespertoli was added in a 1997 decree.
43
Which subzone is usually regarded as the most consistent in quality, aside from Classico?
Rùfina
44
Which firm dominates the Rùfina subzone?
Frescobaldi
45
What is the tiny DOC within Rùfina that produces red and white wines?
Pomino DOC
46
Who are the only producers in the Pomino DOC?
* Frescobaldi * Fattoria Selvapiana
47
What is a unique feature of the Pomino DOC compared to Chianti DOCG?
Permits a higher percentage of international grapes
48
Fill in the blank: Chianti was not elevated to DOCG until _______.
1984
49
Who is credited with defining the classic blend of Chianti?
Baron Bettino Ricasoli ## Footnote He developed this blend after years of experimentation.
50
In what year did Baron Bettino Ricasoli outline the Chianti blend to Professor Cesare Studiati?
1872
51
What is the general recipe for Chianti DOCG updated in 1996?
70 to 100% Sangiovese ## Footnote Wines from the Colli Senesi subzone must contain a minimum of 75% Sangiovese.
52
What white grapes were traditionally added to the Chianti blend?
Trebbiano Toscano and Malvasia
53
Is the addition of Trebbiano Toscano and Malvasia mandatory in Chianti today?
No, it is now optional.
54
What is the maximum percentage of Cabernet grapes allowed in the Chianti blend?
15%
55
What is the maximum percentage of Cabernet grapes allowed in the Colli Senesi subzone?
10%
56
What traditional practice involves refermentation with the juice of dried grapes?
Governo
57
What must be indicated on labels when the governo process is used?
Governo all’uso Toscano
58
Do most quality-minded producers use the governo process?
No
59
When may Chianti normale be released?
March 1 of the year following the harvest
60
What additional aging is required for the Florentine subzones of Rùfina, Montespertoli, and Colli Fiorentini?
Additional aging beyond the standard
61
What is the aging requirement for Chianti to be labeled riserva?
Two years of aging
62
What additional requirements do Chianti superiore wines have?
An additional half-degree of alcohol and lowered vineyard yields
63
What designation was Chianti Classico upgraded to in 1984?
DOCG ## Footnote DOCG stands for Denominazione di Origine Controllata e Garantita, indicating a higher quality wine classification in Italy.
64
What are the four original villages of the Chianti zone?
* Radda * Gaiole * Castellina * Greve ## Footnote These villages later appended “in Chianti” to their names.
65
Name all the communes of Chianti Classico
Siena: *Castellina in Chianti *Radda in Chianti *Giaole in Chianti *Castelnuovo Berardenga *Poggibonsi Firenze: *Greve in Chianti *San Casciano Val di Pesa *Barberino Tavarnello
66
What types of soils dominate the Chianti Classico region?
* Sandstone * Marl ## Footnote Macingo and Piestraforte are major sandstone-driven soils while Albarese is the top Marl soil.
67
What percentage of Sangiovese must be in the Chianti Classico blend?
Minimum 80% ## Footnote This is a requirement for the Chianti Classico blend.
68
As of the 2006 vintage, what type of grapes are no longer permitted in Chianti Classico?
White grapes ## Footnote Only red grapes are allowed in the blend.
69
What is the minimum alcohol level for Chianti Classico?
12% ## Footnote This is higher than the minimum for Chianti DOCG, which is 11.5%.
70
When may Chianti Classico wines be released?
October 1st of the year following harvest ## Footnote This aging requirement helps ensure quality.
71
What is the minimum aging period for Riserva wines?
24 months ## Footnote This includes at least 3 months in bottle.
72
What is the minimum alcohol level for Riserva wines?
12.5% ## Footnote This is a requirement for Riserva classification.
73
When was Gran Selezione introduced and what are the ageing requirements?
Introduced in 2014. 30 months (This includes at least 3 months in bottle.)
74
Apart from the Classico zone of Chianti, what other subzones are for Gran Selezione only?
*Lamole *Montefioralle *Panzano *San Donato in Poggio *Vagliagli
75
What is the minimum alcohol level for Gran Selezione wines?
13% ## Footnote This is higher than the minimum for Riserva wines.
76
What percentage of Sangiovese must Gran Selezione contain as of 2021?
At least 90% ## Footnote This reflects a trend towards higher quality and varietal purity.
77
What wood vessel is often used for aging riserva Chianti Classico?
Barrique ## Footnote Barrique aging can enhance the complexity of the wine.
78
True or False: Gran Selezione wines must come from estate grown grapes.
True ## Footnote This requirement aims to ensure quality and terroir expression.
79
Fill in the blank: The Chianti Classico area contains the original Chianti zone delimited by _______.
Grand Duke Cosimo III de’ Medici ## Footnote The delimitation occurred in 1716.
80
What is Brunello di Montalcino DOCG known for?
It is known as the most powerful expression of Sangiovese in Tuscany ## Footnote DOCG stands for Denominazione di Origine Controllata e Garantita, indicating a high-quality Italian wine classification.
81
Who is credited with the invention of the Brunello style?
Clemente Santi of Tenuta Greppo’s Biondi-Santi ## Footnote He was the first to isolate the Brunello clone and bottle it alone in 1865.
82
What significant event occurred with Brunello di Montalcino in 1888?
The release of the Brunello Riserva 1888 immortalized Biondi-Santi's reputation and the Brunello style ## Footnote This event marked a pivotal moment in the history of Brunello.
83
How many hectares are encompassed by the Montalcino region?
24,000 hectares ## Footnote However, only around 5,000 acres are authorized and planted for Brunello.
84
What grape variety is Brunello di Montalcino produced from?
100% Sangiovese Grosso (Brunello) ## Footnote Sangiovese Grosso is a specific clone of Sangiovese.
85
What is the minimum aging requirement for Brunello di Montalcino?
Aged in cask for a minimum of two years and bottled for an additional four months ## Footnote For riserva, the aging requirement is six months longer.
86
When can Brunello be released after harvest?
Not until January 1st of the fifth year following harvest, or the sixth year for riserva bottlings ## Footnote This reflects the extended aging process that contributes to the wine's complexity.
87
What type of soil characterizes the higher-altitude vineyards in Montalcino?
Galestro ## Footnote Galestro is a type of schistous clay that contributes to the unique terroir.
88
What predominant soil type is found in the warmer southern reaches of Montalcino?
Clay ## Footnote The soil composition affects the characteristics of the wine produced in this area.
89
What are the names of Montalcino’s frazioni (sub-communes?
* Sant Angelo in Colle * Castelnuovo Abate * Torrenieri ## Footnote These sub-communes provide distinctions in the corresponding wines.
90
How does Brunello di Montalcino typically compare to Chianti in terms of strength?
Brunello is stronger, with more alcohol, extract, and tannin than Chianti ## Footnote This difference can affect the wine's aging potential and approachability.
91
True or False: Brunello di Montalcino is always approachable upon release.
False ## Footnote Brunello can be hard and unforgiving upon release, which can influence winemaking strategies.
92
What winemaking approach do some producers like Casanova di Neri and Mastrojanni take?
They use small barrels and shorter macerations to round and flesh out the wine ## Footnote This approach contrasts with more traditional methods used by others.
93
What traditional approach do producers like Biondi-Santi, Talenti, and Soldera follow?
They remain more traditional in their winemaking techniques ## Footnote Traditional methods often emphasize longer aging and minimal intervention.
94
What is the junior version of Brunello called?
Rosso di Montalcino DOC ## Footnote Rosso di Montalcino is produced from 100% Sangiovese.
95
What is the aging requirement for Rosso di Montalcino DOC?
One year prior to release ## Footnote Cask aging is not required.
96
What does Sant’Antimo DOC provide for Montalcino producers? When was it created?
An outlet for 'Super-Tuscan' wines ## Footnote Sant’Antimo DOC was created in 1996.
97
What type of grapes can be used for Sant’Antimo DOC?
Any grape authorized in Tuscany ## Footnote The wines may be either red or white.
98
What is the grape used for Moscadello di Montalcino DOC?
Moscadello (Moscato Bianco) grape ## Footnote Moscadello wines are often sweet and may be still or sparkling.
99
True or False: Moscadello wines can only be still.
False ## Footnote Moscadello wines may be still or sparkling.
100
Where is Vino Nobile di Montepulciano DOCG produced?
Province of Siena and commune of Montepulciano
101
What year was Vino Nobile di Montepulciano awarded DOCG status?
1980
102
What is the minimum percentage of Sangiovese required in Vino Nobile di Montepulciano?
70%
103
As of 2010, what is the maximum percentage of other varieties allowed in Vino Nobile di Montepulciano?
30%
104
What is the maximum percentage of white varieties allowed in Vino Nobile di Montepulciano?
5%
105
What is the minimum aging requirement for Vino Nobile di Montepulciano?
Two years, with at least one year in wood
106
How long must Riserva wines of Vino Nobile di Montepulciano be aged?
At least three years
107
How do Vino Nobile di Montepulciano wines compare to Chianti and Brunello?
More firm than Chianti and less aggressively tannic than Brunello
108
What is the minimum percentage of Sangiovese required for Morellino di Scansano DOCG?
85%
109
In what year did Morellino di Scansano achieve DOCG status?
2006
110
What is the minimum aging requirement for Riserva wines of Morellino di Scansano?
Two years
111
What historical event allowed the southern Maremma region to become a winegrowing area?
Mussolini drained the inhospitable swamp in the 1930s
112
What is the minimum percentage of Sangiovese in the red wines of Carmignano?
50%
113
What grape varieties are traditionally added to Sangiovese in Carmignano?
Cabernet Sauvignon and/or Cabernet Franc (10% to 20%)
114
What is the name of the newer DOCG that allows higher proportions of Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot?
Rosso della Val di Cornia
115
When was the subzone Suvereto elevated to DOCG status?
2011
116
What are the Sangiovese DOCG wines known for?
They represent Tuscany’s greatest homegrown noble wines.
117
What is responsible for invigorating international interest in Tuscan wines in the last 40 years?
The explosion of the 'Super Tuscan' style.
118
What wine did Marquis Mario Rocchetta’s Tenuta San Guido release in 1968?
Sassicaia, a barrique-aged Cabernet blend from Northern Maremma
119
What classification was Sassicaia released under?
Vino da tavola.
120
What notable wine did Antinori release in 1971?
Tignanello, a barrique-aged red.
121
What was the proportion of Sangiovese in Tignanello set at with the 1982 vintage?
85%.
122
What influence loomed over Tuscany’s winemakers during the rise of 'Super Tuscan' wines?
The influence of Bordeaux.
123
Name two key Bordeaux-style wines that followed the initial 'Super Tuscan' releases.
* Antinori’s Solaia * Ornellaia
124
Who produces Masseto? First Vintage?
Antinori. 100% Merlot 1986
125
Who produces Paleo Rosso? First vintage?
Le Macchiole. 100% Cabernet Franc 1989
126
What are three of the first 100% Sangiovese 'Super-Tuscan' wines?
* San Felice's Vigorello * Montevertine’s Le Pergole Torte * Isole e Olena’s Cepparello
127
What was a peculiar phenomenon occurring in Tuscany by the mid-eighties?
Some of the region’s most prized bottles were simple vino da tavola.
128
What was a primary motivator for the creation of the IGT category in 1992?
Dissatisfaction with the regimented DOC laws.
129
What status did Bolgheri receive in 1994?
DOC status for red wines. 1983 (White and Rose wines)
130
What is the leading grape for white Bolgheri wines?
Vermentino. Varietal Sauvignon Blanc is also produced in the region.
131
What is the minimum aging requirement for Bolgheri Superiore wines?
Two years (one year in oak barrels).
132
What is the minimum alcohol content for Bolgheri Superiore wines?
12.5%.
133
What notable recognition did Sassicaia earn in 1983?
Legal subzone (Bolgheri Sassicaia).
134
When did the Bolgheri Sassicaia DOC gain separate status as an appellation?
2013.
135
True or False: Bolgheri Sassicaia DOC is the only true monopole DOC in all of Italy.
True.
136
Fill in the blank: Many great 'Super-Tuscan' wines are today released as _______.
IGT.
137
What is the significance of the isle of Elba in relation to Napoleon?
It was the site of the French Emperor Napoleon’s exile in 1814 ## Footnote Napoleon was exiled to Elba after his abdication from the throne of France.
138
What is the Elba Aleatico Passito DOCG?
It is a designation finalized in 2011 for sweet red passito wines made from the Aleatico grape on Elba ## Footnote DOCG stands for Denominazione di Origine Controllata e Garantita, a quality assurance designation for Italian wines.
139
To which grape is Aleatico genetically linked?
Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains ## Footnote This genetic link suggests that Aleatico may be a red-skinned mutation of Muscat.
140
What is the only white wine in Tuscany to enjoy DOCG status?
Vernaccia di San Gimignano ## Footnote Vernaccia di San Gimignano is known for its crisp and refreshing profile.
141
Describe the flavor profile of Vernaccia di San Gimignano.
Crisp, pink grapefruit-tinged ## Footnote The flavor profile is influenced by the sandy, rock-strewn soils of the region.
142
Where is Vernaccia di San Gimignano produced?
Around the hilltop town of San Gimignano in the Siena province ## Footnote San Gimignano is known for its historical architecture and wine production.
143
Fill in the blank: The Aleatico grape is used to produce _______ wines on Elba.
sweet red passito
144
True or False: Aleatico is a white grape variety.
False ## Footnote Aleatico is a red-skinned grape variety.
145
What type of soils contribute to the production of Vernaccia di San Gimignano?
Sandy, rock-strewn soils
146
What is the only dessert wine to reach DOCG status?
Elba Aleatico Passito ## Footnote DOCG stands for Denominazione di Origine Controllata e Garantita, an Italian quality assurance label for wines.
147
What is vin santo and where is it traditionally produced?
Vin santo is a traditional dessert wine produced in Tuscany ## Footnote The name 'vin santo' translates to 'holy wine' in Italian.
148
What grapes are primarily used to produce vin santo?
Trebbiano and Malvasia grapes ## Footnote Grechetto may also be authorized in some cases.
149
What are the characteristics of vin santo?
High alcohol, almond- and honey-toned dried grape wine ## Footnote The wine has a distinctive flavor profile due to the drying process of the grapes.
150
What is 'Occhio di Pernice'?
Rosé versions of vin santo made with minimum 50% Sangiovese ## Footnote 'Occhio di Pernice' translates to 'eye of the partridge' in Italian.
151
How are the grapes for vin santo processed?
The grapes are hung from rafters to dry ## Footnote This process is known as appassimento, and the drying time is specified by each DOC.
152
What is the typical drying duration for vin santo grapes?
Until at least December 1 ## Footnote This allows the grapes to raisinate properly before fermentation.
153
What follows the drying process in the production of vin santo?
A period of slow fermentation and aging in caratelli barrels ## Footnote The aging period lasts between three and eight years, depending on the style.
154
What type of wood is traditionally used for aging vin santo?
Chestnut wood ## Footnote Chestnut wood allows rapid oxidation, contributing to the wine's flavor.
155
What modern alternative wood do many vin santo producers now use?
Oak ## Footnote Oak barrels are popular for their different aging characteristics compared to chestnut.
156
What is unique about the barrels used for vin santo?
The barrels are never topped ## Footnote This leads to concentration of alcohol through evaporation and contributes to the wine's amber hue.
157
What determines whether vin santo is dry or sweet?
The length of the appassimento process ## Footnote A longer appassimento typically results in a sweeter wine.
158
What is vin santo labeled as when it is fortified?
Liquoroso ## Footnote Fortification increases the alcohol content of the wine.
159
Which DOC is the majority of exported vin santo from?
Vin Santo del Chianti DOC ## Footnote Chianti is renowned for its wine production, including vin santo.
160
What is usually served with vin santo at a Tuscan table?
A less sweet dessert, such as biscotti ## Footnote Biscotti complements the flavors of vin santo perfectly.
161
What is Umbria known for in comparison to Tuscany?
Umbria has a much less illustrious reputation for wine than Tuscany.
162
What geographical feature moderates Umbria's climate?
Maritime winds funneling from the Tyrrhenian Sea.
163
Who was noted for toasting with Orvieto wine during the Manhattan Project?
Physicist Enrico Fermi.
164
What is Orvieto DOC?
A clean, light white wine produced from at least 60% Grechetto and Trebbiano Toscano (Procanico).
165
What issue does Orvieto DOC wine face?
Overproduction and overexpansion of the DOC zone.
166
What characteristic can wines from the classico zone around Orvieto show?
Mineral intensity and depth.
167
Are Orvieto DOC wines generally dry or sweet?
They are generally dry, although they may be sweet or botrytised.
168
What type of soils does Lago di Corbara DOC have?
Tuffeau soils. Famous for red wines from Bordeaux grapes.
169
Fill in the blank: Orvieto DOC is produced from at least _______ % Grechetto and Trebbiano Toscano.
60
170
True or False: Umbria is a coastal region.
False
171
What are the two most celebrated red wines of Umbria?
Sagrantino di Montefalco DOCG and Torgiano Rosso Riserva DOCG ## Footnote These wines are known for their distinctive characteristics and aging potential.
172
What grape variety is used to produce Sagrantino di Montefalco?
100% Sagrantino ## Footnote This grape variety contributes to the wine's high alcohol and tannin content.
173
What is the minimum aging requirement for Sagrantino di Montefalco?
37 months, including 12 months in wood for dry wines ## Footnote This long aging process enhances the wine's complexity.
174
What style of Sagrantino di Montefalco is a recent development?
Secco style ## Footnote Historically, Sagrantino wines were produced as passito.
175
Who are two notable producers of Sagrantino di Montefalco?
Marco Caprai and Paolo Bea ## Footnote They represent modern and traditional methods, respectively.
176
What grape variety is Torgiano Rosso Riserva primarily made from?
70-100% Sangiovese ## Footnote Sangiovese is a key grape variety in Italian red wines.
177
What is the minimum aging requirement for Torgiano Rosso Riserva?
Three years prior to release, including six months in bottle ## Footnote This aging process is crucial for developing the wine's flavors.
178
What are the standard Torgiano bottlings classified as?
DOC ## Footnote This includes varietal wines, Rosso, Bianco, and spumante.
179
What family was instrumental in elevating Torgiano Rosso Riserva to DOCG?
Lungarotti family ## Footnote Their efforts were significant in 1990 for the wine's recognition.
180
What region doubled its number of DOCG wines in 2009?
The Marches ## Footnote The Marches added Verdicchio di Matelica Riserva DOCG and Castelli di Jesi Verdicchio Riserva DOCG.
181
Name all the DOCGs from Marches
Verdicchio di Matelica Riserva DOCG Castelli di Jesi Verdicchio Riserva DOCG Conero Rosso Riserva DOCG Vernaccia di Serrapetrona DOCG
182
What is the most important grape of the Marches?
Verdicchio ## Footnote Verdicchio is known for producing ageworthy, focused, green-tinged white wines.
183
Describe the flavor characteristics of Verdicchio wines.
Distinctive lemony, stony character and a bitter almond tang ## Footnote These wines are ageworthy and focused.
184
What makes Verdicchio suitable for spumante production?
Naturally high in acidity ## Footnote This grape is also used for occasional late harvest wines at the DOC level.
185
What are the two best zones for Verdicchio wines?
Castelli di Jesi and Matelica ## Footnote The Matelica wines are often sharper, while Castelli di Jesi provides fuller, rounder wines.
186
How long must riserva versions of Verdicchio wines be aged?
A minimum of eighteen months ## Footnote Normale versions are released as DOC, while riserva versions are DOCG.
187
What is the primary grape composition of Conero Rosso Riserva?
Minimum 85% Montepulciano and maximum 15% Sangiovese ## Footnote This wine is matured for two years prior to release.
188
What type of barrels do many producers of Conero Rosso Riserva rely on for aging?
New barriques ## Footnote This is a shift from the traditional use of old botti.
189
What region surrounds the Conero zone and what does it typically offer?
Rosso Piceno DOC, typically offers lighter Sangiovese and Montepulciano blends ## Footnote This region is larger than the coastal Conero zone.
190
What is unique about the Vernaccia grape in the Marches?
It is actually a red grape ## Footnote The name likely derives from the Latin vernaculus, meaning 'indigenous'.
191
What type of wines does Vernaccia di Serrapetrona DOCG produce?
Sparkling reds, either dry or sweet ## Footnote These wines are made from 40% passito grapes.
192
When was the Offida DOCG approved?
2011 ## Footnote It covers red wines from Montepulciano and white varietal wines from Pecorino and Passerina.
193
What is Lacrima di Morro d’Alba DOC known for?
Aromatic complex wines made from the obscure Lacrima grape ## Footnote These wines may have a floral, Pinot Noir-like character.
194
What is the most cultivated grape variety in Abruzzo?
Montepulciano ## Footnote Montepulciano is the second most planted red grape in Italy.
195
What type of wines does the Montepulciano grape produce?
Ripe, tannic, and full-bodied wines of deep color ## Footnote Rosato versions of the wine are called Cerasuolo.
196
What is Cerasuolo in reference to?
The cherry red hue of the rosés
197
What does Montepulciano d’Abruzzo DOC represent?
A source of good value wines
198
What are the minimum grape composition requirements for Montepulciano d’Abruzzo?
85% Montepulciano
199
What is the minimum grape composition requirement for Colline Teramane Montepulciano d’Abruzzo DOCG?
90% Montepulciano
200
How long must Montepulciano d’Abruzzo DOCG be aged?
One year, including two months in bottle
201
What is the aging requirement for Montepulciano d'Abruzzo Colline Teramane DOCG Riserva wines?
A minimum of three years
202
What accounts for most of the Abruzzo's white wines?
Trebbiano d’Abruzzo DOC wines
203
What grape varieties may be used for Trebbiano d’Abruzzo?
* Trebbiano Toscano * Trebbiano Abruzzese
204
True or False: The region's two premier producers release their reds as Montepulciano d’Abruzzo DOC.
True
205
Which two producers are considered the region’s premier producers?
* Edoardo Valentini * Emidio Pepe
206
What significant change occurred in 2003 regarding Abruzzo's wine classification?
The evolution of Colline Teramane Montepulciano d’Abruzzo DOCG
207
What is the capital of Lazio?
Rome
208
What is Lazio's rank in terms of population among Italian regions?
Third most populous
209
What type of wine is predominantly consumed in Lazio?
White wine
210
Which two grape varieties are the principal grapes of Lazio?
* Trebbiano Toscano * Malvasia
211
What is the name of the broad zone that encompasses several smaller appellations in Lazio?
Castelli Romani DOC
212
What is the Frascati DOC known for?
White still and sparkling wines composed principally of Malvasia
213
In what year did Italian authorities award Frascati Superiore and Cannellino di Frascati DOCG status?
2011
214
What is the significance of the Est! Est!! Est!!! di Montefiascone DOC?
Trebbiano-based white wines with a notable back-story
215
What percentage of Lazio's typical wine production is red wine?
15%
216
Which indigenous grape takes center stage in the rosso wines of Cesanese del Piglio?
Cesanese
217
What characteristics are associated with wines made from the Cesanese grape?
* Spicy * Peppery * Elevated acidity * Moderate to high alcohol levels
218
Which estate in Lazio is known for its red wines on the international stage?
Falesco estate
219
What grape varieties does Falesco produce successful wines from?
* Merlot * Cabernet Sauvignon
220
True or False: Cesanese is the primary grape used in the red wines produced by Falesco.
False
221
What is the main wine-producing region in Molise?
The small, mountainous region of Molise
222
What percentage of Molise's wine production is at the DOC level?
Less than 5%
223
How many DOCs exist in Molise?
Four DOCs
224
Name the DOCs that exist in Molise.
* Biferno * Molise * Tintilia del Molise * Pentro di Isernia
225
Which DOC is the most prominent in Molise?
Biferno DOC
226
What types of wines does Biferno DOC produce?
* Reds * White * Rosatos
227
What grape varieties are used in Biferno DOC for reds and rosatos?
* Montepulciano * Aglianico
228
What grape is primarily used for white wines in Biferno DOC?
Trebbiano
229
True or False: Most winemaking in Molise is handled by individual wineries.
False
230
Fill in the blank: Less than 5% of Molise’s production is at the _______ level.
DOC
231
What was Falernian wine known for in the Roman Empire?
It was among the most prominent wines of the ancient world and maintained this status well into the fourth century. ## Footnote Falernian wine was praised for its ageworthiness and sold for four times the price of ordinary wine in Pompeii.
232
In which year did Varo praise Falernian wine in his manual on farming?
37 BCE ## Footnote Varo's praise highlights the wine's historical significance.
233
What grape variety is Falernian wine probably produced from?
Aminean grape, likely a Greek import known today as Greco.
234
What types of wines are produced in the Falerno del Massico DOC region?
Red wines from Aglianico and Primitivo, and white varietal wines from Falanghina. ## Footnote This region builds on its ancient heritage with steadily improving wines.
235
What is the capital of Campania and its significance?
Naples; it is a World Heritage Site and the largest city in Southern Italy. ## Footnote The region reflects a growing disparity of immense poverty and natural beauty.
236
What percentage of Campania's wines are at DOC level?
Less than 10%.
237
Which ancient red varieties comprise a majority of the Campanian DOC wines?
* Aglianico * Piedirosso * Falanghina * Greco * Fiano
238
How does Aglianico compare to Sangiovese and Nebbiolo?
It shares structural similarities but displays a darker fruit profile.
239
Name the red wine DOCGs of Campania
Taurasi DOCG Aglianico del Taburno DOCG
240
What area are Taurasi wines produced in?
Inland area of Irpinia, in the province of Avellino just 40 miles away from Aglianico del Vulture in Basilicata
241
What is required for Taurasi wines before release?
A minimum of three years aging, with one year in wood.
242
What is the aging requirement for riserva wines in Taurasi?
Four years, with eighteen months in wood.
243
Name three producers that exemplify the quality of wines in the Taurasi region.
* Mastroberardino * Terredora * Feudi di San Gregorio
244
What are the two white DOCG wines of Campania?
* Greco di Tufo * Fiano di Avellino
245
What is the minimum grape percentage for Fiano di Avellino DOCG wines?
85% of the Fiano grape.
246
What grape variety comprises a minimum 85% of Greco di Tufo DOCG wine?
Greco.
247
What is the remainder of Greco di Tufo DOCG wine composed of?
Coda di Volpe.
248
Where were Falanghina-based wines formerly labeled before becoming their own DOC?
Sannio DOC.
249
What styles of wines are made in Falanghina del Sannio?
Dry and sweet passito whites from Falanghina
250
What is the style of wines produced in the coastal DOCs of Campi Flegrei and Costa d'Amalfi?
Falanghina blended with the rare white Biancolella grape to produce a mellower and lusher style.
251
What grapes constitute the majority of the blend in Vesuvio DOC wines?
* Coda di Volpe * Verdeca
252
What style may Vesuvio wines be labeled as if they achieve a minimum 12% alcohol?
Lacryma Christi del Vesuvio.
253
What types of varietal whites are produced in Ischia DOC?
Delicate varietal whites from Bianconella
254
What are the predominant red grapes on the island of Ischia?
* Piedirosso * Guarnaccia (Tintore di Tramonti)
255
What is Apulia's geographical location in Italy?
Apulia is located in the southeastern part of Italy, forming the 'heel' of the boot, with coastlines on the Adriatic and Ionian Seas.
256
What is the terrain of Apulia like compared to its neighbors?
Apulia is the least mountainous region in Italy, characterized by broad plains and low hills, unlike the rugged terrain of Basilicata and Molise.
257
Why is Apulia suitable for viticulture?
Its flat, fertile plains are ideal for high-yielding viticulture.
258
What was Apulia's historical role in wine production?
It was known for mass production of base wines used in vermouth, bulk blending, or distillation.
259
What impact did the EU’s vine pull scheme have on Apulia?
It significantly reduced the region’s wine production from its peak in the 1980s.
260
What percentage of Apulia’s wine was DOC at the start of the 21st century?
Less than 2%.
261
How many DOCs and DOCGs does Apulia have now?
Over two dozen DOCs and four DOCGs (all awarded in 2011).
262
What is the main red grape in Castel del Monte Rosso Riserva DOCG?
Nero (Uva) di Troia, which must make up at least 65% of the blend.
263
What is the grape requirement for Castel del Monte Nero di Troia Riserva DOCG?
At least 90% Nero di Troia.
264
What type of wine is Castel del Monte Bombino Nero DOCG dedicated to?
Rosé wine.
265
What styles of wine are allowed under Castel del Monte DOC?
A range including varietal and blended wines, dry whites, and sparkling wines from Bombino Bianco.
266
What is the most cultivated red grape in Apulia?
Negroamaro ## Footnote Negroamaro is a key variety in the region's winemaking.
267
What are the characteristics of Negroamaro?
Powerful structure and full body ## Footnote Commonly used in rosso and rosato DOC wines on the Salento peninsula.
268
Name two prominent DOCs where Negroamaro is a major component.
* Salice Salentino DOC * Brindisi DOC ## Footnote These DOCs highlight the importance of Negroamaro in local winemaking.
269
Why is Malvasia Nera sometimes blended with Negroamaro?
To help stabilize color ## Footnote This blending practice enhances the visual appeal of the wine.
270
What is the third major red grape of Apulia?
Primitivo ## Footnote Primitivo is an integral part of Apulia's red wine identity.
271
What is Primitivo genetically identical to?
Zinfandel ## Footnote This genetic relationship influences the flavor profiles of both wines.
272
What DOC is known for varietal Primitivo wines?
Primitivo di Manduria DOC ## Footnote This DOC specializes in showcasing the characteristics of Primitivo.
273
What is special about Primitivo di Manduria Dolce Naturale DOCG?
Requires a minimum of 50 g/L of residual sugar and may use the appassimento process ## Footnote This DOCG designation signifies high-quality sweet wines.
274
What is the style range of past Primitivo di Manduria DOC wines?
From secco (dry) to dolce (sweet) ## Footnote This versatility allows for a wide range of wine styles.
275
What lesser-known red grape in Apulia is noted for elegance and medium body?
Susumaniello ## Footnote Susumaniello offers a different expression compared to more dominant varieties.
276
What is the standout white grape in Apulia?
Verdeca ## Footnote Verdeca is recognized for its unique flavor profile and regional significance.
277
Where is Verdeca primarily grown?
Valle d'Itria, in central Apulia ## Footnote This area is known for its favorable growing conditions.
278
What is often labeled as Fiano in Apulia but is not related to the Campanian grape?
Fiano Minutolo ## Footnote This grape has distinct characteristics from the Fiano of Campania.
279
What grapes are used for traditional method sparkling wines in northeast Apulia?
* Bombino Bianco * Pinot Noir ## Footnote These varieties are essential in producing high-quality sparkling wines.
280
What is Basilicata’s rank in terms of population among Italian regions?
It is the third least populous region, after Molise and Valle d’Aosta.
281
What is the general geography and economic status of Basilicata?
It is a mountainous and economically poor region.
282
What is Basilicata’s most notable wine?
Aglianico del Vulture.
283
How many DOCs does Basilicata currently have?
Four.
284
When was Aglianico del Vulture Superiore elevated to DOCG status?
In 2010.
285
What are the DOCG requirements for Aglianico del Vulture Superiore?
Minimum 13.5% alcohol, aged 3 years (1 in wood); 5 years (2 in wood) for riserva.
286
Where is Aglianico grown in Basilicata?
On the volcanic slopes of Mount Vulture.
287
When is Aglianico typically harvested in Basilicata?
Late October to early November.
288
When can DOC wines from Aglianico del Vulture be released?
As early as September of the year following harvest.
289
What styles are permitted under the Aglianico del Vulture DOC?
Dry (asciutto), off-dry (abboccato), still, and spumante; dry still wines are the most serious.
290
What part of Italy is Calabria located in?
Calabria forms the 'toe' of the Italian boot.
291
What is Calabria’s geography and climate like?
It is mountainous, with a hot Mediterranean coast and a cooler, continental interior.
292
How does Calabria’s wine production compare to Basilicata’s?
Calabria produces nearly double the amount of wine as Basilicata.
293
What is the chief red grape of Calabria?
Gaglioppo.
294
In which DOC is Gaglioppo primarily used?
Cirò DOC, located on the Ionian Coast.
295
What is the historical legend associated with Cirò wines?
They were believed to be the drink of ancient Olympians.
296
What is Gaglioppo genetically linked to?
Sangiovese.
297
What is the dominant white grape in Calabria?
Greco.
298
What percentage of Calabrian wine is white?
Less than 10%.
299
Where can the best white wines in Calabria be found?
In the DOC of Melissa.
300
What style of wine is produced in Greco di Bianco DOC?
Sweet wines made from partially dried Greco grapes.
301
How does Sicily rank in wine production among Italian regions?
It is one of Italy’s largest producers, usually second only to Veneto.
302
What is Sicily’s most famous historical wine?
Marsala.
303
Who commercialized Marsala and when?
Englishman John Woodhouse in 1773.
304
Why was Marsala originally fortified?
To ensure safe shipment to England.
305
What happened to Marsala’s reputation in the 20th century?
It declined as it became associated with cooking wine.
306
When was Marsala DOC established?
In 1969.
307
What characterized Sicilian wine production in the late 20th century?
High-volume, low-quality bulk wines and grape concentrate.
308
What shift occurred in Sicilian winemaking at the end of the 20th century?
A focus on lower yields and higher quality production.
309
Name three producers who helped improve Sicilian wine quality.
* Marco de Bartoli * Planeta * Various small producers
310
What climatic factors support quality viticulture in Sicily?
* Arid Mediterranean heat * Altitude * Diurnal temperature swings * Hillside exposures
311
What IGT designation is used for many modern Sicilian wines?
IGT Terre Siciliane.
312
Name some international grape varieties grown in Sicily.
* Cabernet Sauvignon * Syrah
313
Name five native white grapes of Sicily.
* Catarratto * Inzolia * Grecanico * Carricante * Grillo
314
What are Zibibbo and Malvasia used for in Sicily?
They are commonly used for aromatic and sweet wines.
315
What is Zibibbo synonym of?
Muscat of Alexandria
316
Name five native red grapes of Sicily.
* Nero d’Avola (Calabrese) * Frappato * Perricone * Nerello Mascalese * Nerello Cappuccio
317
What is Sicily’s most heavily planted grape?
Catarratto.
318
Where is Catarratto primarily grown?
Western Sicily.
319
What are common uses for Catarratto?
* Marsala blends * Alcamo Bianco DOC * Grape concentrate * Distillation
320
Which grapes are considered better alternatives to Catarratto for Marsala and table wines?
* Inzolia * Grillo
321
What are the dominant grapes in Etna DOC wines?
* Nerello Mascalese (rosso) * Carricante (bianco)
322
What makes viticulture on Mount Etna unique?
Volcanic soils and the risk of farming near an active volcano.
323
What DOC features Nerello Mascalese blends on Sicily’s northeastern coast?
Faro DOC.
324
What is Sicily’s most planted red grape?
Nero d’Avola.
325
What DOCG is associated with Nero d’Avola?
Cerasuolo di Vittoria DOCG.
326
What is Nero d’Avola often compared to in flavor?
Syrah.
327
What is the blending ratio in Cerasuolo di Vittoria DOCG?
70–50% Nero d’Avola and 30–50% Frappato.
328
What color characterizes Cerasuolo di Vittoria wines?
Vibrant cherry-red (Cerasuolo).
329
What grapes are used in Sicily’s dessert wines?
* Zibibbo * Moscato Bianco * Malvasia
330
What are the two rare Moscato DOCs in southeastern Sicily?
* Moscato di Noto * Moscato di Siracusa
331
What DOC off Sicily’s northern coast produces sweet and fortified wines?
Malvasia delle Lipari DOC.
332
What is the IGT designation for dry wines from the Lipari Islands?
Salina IGT.
333
What sweet wines are made on the island of Pantelleria?
* Moscato di Pantelleria DOC * Passito di Pantelleria
334
Name a famous producer from Passito di Pantelleria
Ben Rye - Donnafugata
335
What are the dominant red grapes of Sardinia?
Cannonau (Garnacha/Grenache) and Carignano (Cariñena/Carignan) ## Footnote These grapes are significant in Sardinian viticulture and contribute to the region's unique wine profile.
336
What is the dominant white grape of Sardinia?
Vermentino ## Footnote Vermentino is known for its aromatic qualities and is crucial in the region's white wine production.
337
What is the historical origin of many Sardinian grape varieties?
Spanish, introduced during the 400-year rule of the Kingdom of Aragon ## Footnote This historical influence has shaped the grape varieties and winemaking practices in Sardinia.
338
What climatic conditions affect Sardinian wine?
Dry, hot Mediterranean climate leading to high alcohol levels ## Footnote These conditions are ideal for ripening grapes but can also influence the style of the wines produced.
339
What are two rare DOCs in Sardinia known for oxidative wine styles?
Malvasia di Bosa DOC and Vernaccia di Oristano DOC ## Footnote These DOCs are recognized for their unique winemaking techniques and styles.
340
What is Sardinia’s only DOCG?
Vermentino di Gallura DOCG ## Footnote This designation indicates a high level of quality and specific geographic origin for Vermentino wines.
341
What are the conditions in Gallura that benefit Vermentino?
High elevation, hot climate, and poor granitic soils ## Footnote These factors contribute to the distinct character and quality of Vermentino di Gallura wines.
342
What is the alcohol requirement for Vermentino di Gallura Superiore?
Minimum 13% alcohol (compared to 12% for base DOCG) ## Footnote This higher alcohol content is a mark of quality for the Superiore classification.
343
What white grape is more common in southern Sardinia?
Nuragus ## Footnote Nuragus is an important variety in the southern regions and contributes to local wine styles.
344
What DOC is associated with Nuragus?
Nuragus di Cagliari DOC ## Footnote This DOC is specific to the Nuragus grape and highlights the region's vinicultural diversity.
345
What are the characteristics of Cannonau wines?
Rustic, spicy, full-bodied, and prone to premature oxidation ## Footnote These traits make Cannonau a distinctive and sought-after wine from Sardinia.
346
What DOC covers Cannonau production across Sardinia?
Cannonau di Sardegna DOC ## Footnote This DOC encompasses the entire island and sets regulations for Cannonau production.
347
What are the three subzones of Cannonau di Sardegna DOC?
Oliena, Jerzu, and Capo Ferrato ## Footnote Each subzone has unique terroir characteristics that influence the flavor profiles of the Cannonau wines produced there.

Master Sommelier (16 decks)

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