Northern Italy Flashcards
(323 cards)
1
Q
What was the inspiration for the Italian DOC system?
A
The French AOC system, which established yields, approved grape varieties, practices, geographical boundaries, and vinification standards.
2
Q
What does DOCG stand for, and when was it introduced?
A
Denominazione di Origine Controllata e Garantita, introduced in 1963.
3
Q
When were the first DOCGs awarded, and to which wines?
A
In 1980, to Brunello di Montalcino, Barolo, and Vino Nobile di Montepulciano.
4
Q
What is a key requirement for most DOC and DOCG wines not common in French AOCs?
A
Minimum aging requirements.
5
Q
What led to consumer confusion in the DOC/DOCG system?
A
Too many DOC zones, generous yields, lax geographical restrictions, and inconsistent quality.
6
Q
Which prestigious wines began as Vino da Tavola?
A
Sassicaia and Tignanello (Super Tuscans).
7
Q
What classification was introduced by the 1992 Goria’s Law?
A
Indicazione Geografica Tipica (IGT).
8
Q
What is the significance of IGT wines today under EU law?
A
They are classified as PGI (Protected Geographical Indication).
9
Q
What EU classifications correspond to DOC/DOCG and IGT?
A
DOC/DOCG = PDO (Protected Designation of Origin); IGT = PGI (Protected Geographical Indication).
10
Q
What major administrative change occurred from 2008-2011 regarding wine classifications?
A
Jurisdiction over new appellations moved from Rome to Brussels under the EU Common Market Organisation reforms.
11
Q
What happened to DOCG numbers between 2009 and 2011?
A
They increased from under 50 to 73 due to a rush of applications before the EU took control.
12
Q
How many DOCGs did Italy have as of 2023, and what was the latest one?
A
77 DOCGs, with Canelli approved in 2023.
13
Q
What are the four main levels of Italian wine classification today?
A
DOCG/DOP, DOC/DOP, IGT/IGP, Vino (formerly Vino da Tavola).
14
Q
What was one reason many top Italian producers used the Vino da Tavola category in the 1970s-80s?
A
To release high-quality, experimental wines that did not conform to DOC regulations.
15
Q
What was a notable criticism of the DOCG category?
A
It was diluted by promotions like Romagna Albana, which some critics felt didn’t deserve DOCG status.
16
Q
What type of labeling is common for IGT wines?
A
Varietal labeling (naming the grape variety on the bottle).
17
Q
How can a DOC apply for DOCG status?
A
The region must have held DOC status for at least five years.
18
Q
What was the critical response to the expansion of DOC/DOCG status from 2009-2011?
A
Nearly unanimous criticism that the system was finally and truly broken.
19
Q
What geographic feature forms the ‘spine’ of Italy?
A
The Apennine Mountains.
The Apennine Mountains run the length of the Italian peninsula, influencing various aspects of the country’s geography and culture.
20
Q
What mountain range brackets northern Italy and influences its climate and viticulture?
A
The Alps.
The Alps create a natural barrier that affects weather patterns and agricultural practices in northern Italy.
21
Q
How does Italy’s north-south axis impact its wine production?
A
It creates a spectrum of climatic zones, contributing to diverse wine styles.
This variation allows for a wide range of grape varieties and wine styles to flourish throughout Italy.
22
Q
When was modern Italy unified?
A
In 1861.
The unification marked the consolidation of various states and territories into a single nation.
23
Q
When was Trentino-Alto Adige added to Italy?
A
After the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire at the end of World War I.
This change significantly influenced the region’s culture and viticulture.
24
Q
What influences are strong in the Tre Venezie, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, and Trentino-Alto Adige regions?
A
German and Slavic influences.
These influences are evident in the languages spoken and the cultural practices in these regions.
25
What region is Italy's most populous and industrialized?
Lombardy.
## Footnote
Lombardy is a major economic center, particularly in Milan, which is known for finance and fashion.
26
Which region is the most sparsely populated in Italy?
Valle d'Aosta.
## Footnote
The mountainous terrain contributes to its low population density.
27
What official language is included in Valle d'Aosta besides Italian?
French.
## Footnote
Valle d'Aosta has a unique bilingual status that reflects its cultural heritage.
28
What type of influence is strong in Piedmontese viticulture?
French influence.
## Footnote
This is particularly evident in the grape varieties and winemaking techniques practiced in the region.
29
How do Turin in Piedmont and Naples in Campania differ?
They differ in climate, culture, and language.
## Footnote
These differences highlight the regional diversity within Italy.
30
What factors contribute to the diversity of Italy's wines?
Diverse terrain, climate, regional cultures, and both indigenous and international grape varieties.
## Footnote
These elements combine to create a rich tapestry of wine styles across the country.
31
What geographical features surround Piedmont?
Piedmont is surrounded on three sides by the Apennines and the Alps.
32
What role does the Po River play in Piedmont viticulture?
It creates a fertile alluvial plain, but the best viticulture occurs in the foothills due to richer soils in the plain.
33
What kind of climate does Piedmont have?
Continental, with a rain shadow effect from the Alps.
34
What are 'sorì'?
Southern-exposed vineyard sites in the Langhe and Monferrato hills, prized for ripening Nebbiolo.
35
What are the three major red grapes of Piedmont?
* Nebbiolo
* Dolcetto
* Barbera
36
Describe Nebbiolo.
A late-ripening, thin-skinned grape producing wines with high acid, alcohol, tannin, and aromatic complexity.
37
What does 'Nebbiolo' derive from?
'Nebbiolo' derives from the word 'nebbia,' meaning fog, which helps prolong the grape's ripening process.
38
Describe Dolcetto.
Early-ripening, tannic, fruity wines, lower in acid, designed for early consumption.
39
Describe Barbera.
High in acidity, low in tannin, with a range of styles.
40
Name some lesser indigenous red grapes of Piedmont.
* Brachetto
* Grignolino
* Ruchè
* Croatina
* Vespolina
* Freisa
41
What is Piedmont’s most planted white grape?
Moscato Bianco (Muscat à Petits Grains), used for Asti sparkling wines.
42
Name other white grapes in Piedmont.
* Cortese
* Arneis
* Erbaluce
* Favorita (Vermentino)
43
Are international grapes significant in Piedmont?
Yes, but mainly in less-specific DOCs.
44
How many DOCGs and DOCs does Piedmont have (as of 2023)?
19 DOCGs and 41 DOCs.
45
What percentage of Piedmont’s production is at least DOC quality?
Almost half.
46
What grape is used for Barolo?
100% Nebbiolo.
47
How many communes can produce Barolo? Name the top 5.
11 communes; key ones include
* La Morra
* Barolo
* Serralunga d’Alba
* Monforte d’Alba
* Castiglione Falletto.
48
What soil types influence Barolo styles?
* Tortonian soils (La Morra, Barolo): Calcareous soils. Softer wines
* Serravallian/Helvetian sandstone soils (Monforte, Serralunga, Castiglione): more structured wines
49
What are the aging requirements for Barolo?
* Regular: Minimum 38 months from Nov 1 of harvest year (18 months in wood)
* Riserva: Minimum 62 months
50
Describe the 'Barolo wars.'
A divide between traditionalists (long macerations, large casks) and modernists (barriques, shorter maceration).
51
Name two traditionalist and two modernist Barolo producers.
* Traditionalists: Giacomo Conterno, Bartolo Mascarello
* Modernists: Elio Altare, Paolo Scavino
52
How does Barbaresco differ from Barolo?
Lighter body, softer tannins, more elegant, and earlier maturing.
53
What towns produce most Barbaresco wines?
* Barbaresco
* Neive
* Treiso
54
What are the aging requirements for Barbaresco?
* Regular: 26 months from Nov 1 of harvest (9 in cask)
* Riserva: 50 months
55
Who are some key Barbaresco producers?
* Angelo Gaja (modernist)
* Bruno Giacosa (traditionalist)
* Produttori del Barbaresco (co-op)
56
What happened in 2007 and 2010 regarding vineyard classification?
Barbaresco (2007) and Barolo (2010) officially recognized their crus as 'menzioni geografiche aggiuntive.'
57
What is Barolo Chinato?
A DOCG aromatized wine flavored with quinine.
Cappellano is famous producer
58
Name a top producer of Barolo Chinato.
Cappellano.
59
When was Roero elevated to DOCG status, and what styles of wine does it produce?
Roero became a DOCG in 2004 and produces red wines based on a minimum 95% Nebbiolo and white wines from Arneis.
60
What grape is used for Roero's white wines, and what is its typical style?
Arneis; typically fresh and floral.
61
How do the Nebbiolo wines of Roero differ from Barolo and Barbaresco?
Roero wines are lighter due to sandy soils and modern winemaking approaches.
62
Name two other Nebbiolo-based DOCGs north of the Po River.
* Gattinara DOCG
* Ghemme DOCG
63
What is Nebbiolo known as in Gattinara and Ghemme, and which blending grapes are used?
Known as Spanna; blending grapes are Vespolina and Bonarda (Uva Rara in Ghemme, Bonarda di Gattinara in Gattinara).
64
Which DOCs near Ghemme produce similar Nebbiolo blends?
* Lessona DOC
* Sizzano DOC
## Footnote
None
65
What is special about the Carema DOC?
It produces fragrant Nebbiolo wines, especially in warmer vintages.
## Footnote
None
66
When did Barbera grapes gain DOCG status and through which appellations?
In 2008, through Barbera d’Asti and Barbera del Monferrato Superiore.
## Footnote
None
67
What are the aging requirements for Barbera d’Asti vs Barbera del Monferrato Superiore?
Barbera d’Asti: 4 months; Barbera del Monferrato Superiore: 14 months, including 6 in cask.
## Footnote
None
68
What is Ruchè di Castagnole Monferrato DOCG, and when was it elevated?
An aromatic red from Ruchè grape; DOCG since 2010.
## Footnote
None
69
What does the name 'Ruchè' possibly refer to?
Resistance to grapevine fanleaf virus or linked to Saint Rocco monastery.
## Footnote
None
70
What DOCG was created in 2014 for 100% Barbera wines?
Nizza DOCG.
## Footnote
None
71
Name the three DOCGs for 100% Dolcetto wines.
* Dogliani
* Dolcetto di Ovada Superiore (Ovada)
* Dolcetto di Diano d'Alba
## Footnote
None
72
What are the aging requirements for Dolcetto DOCG superiore wines?
Minimum 10 months.
## Footnote
None
73
What does 'sorì' refer to in Diano d'Alba DOCG?
75 classified superior exposures (menzioni geografiche aggiuntive).
## Footnote
None
74
What is Dogliani known for historically?
Wines of Luigi Einaudi, Italy's second President.
## Footnote
None
75
What grape is used in Gavi DOCG, and what styles are permitted?
Cortese; still (tranquillo), frizzante, or spumante.
## Footnote
None
76
Which DOCG near Carema produces high-acid, herbal white wines?
Erbaluce di Caluso DOCG.
## Footnote
None
77
What are the styles of Erbaluce di Caluso wines?
* Still
* Spumante
* Passito (most praised)
## Footnote
None
78
What is Italy's largest DOCG by volume?
Asti/Moscato d’Asti DOCG (~650,000 hl/year).
## Footnote
None
79
What grape is used in Asti and Moscato d’Asti, and how do they differ?
Moscato Bianco; Asti is fully sparkling (spumante), Moscato d’Asti is slightly sparkling (frizzante) with lower alcohol.
## Footnote
None
80
What fermentation method is used for Asti wines?
Single fermentation using the Charmat (Martinotti) method.
## Footnote
None
81
What is special about Canelli DOCG, established in 2023?
It was formerly a subzone of Asti DOCG and now has its own DOCG.
## Footnote
None
82
What grapes and method are used in Alta Langa DOCG?
* Pinot Noir
* Chardonnay
* Traditional method sparkling
## Footnote
None
83
What are the aging requirements for Alta Langa spumante and riserva?
Spumante: 30 months en tirage; Riserva: 3 years.
## Footnote
None
84
What is the style and typical use of Brachetto d’Acqui DOCG?
Usually sweet, lightly sparkling red—often served as dessert wine.
## Footnote
None
85
What is Italy’s smallest and least populous wine region?
Valle d’Aosta
## Footnote
Valle d’Aosta is known for its limited size and population compared to other Italian wine regions.
86
What type of climate does Valle d’Aosta have?
Continental – long, cold winters and short, hot summers.
87
What natural feature defines the vineyard geography of Valle d’Aosta?
Dora Baltea River valley.
88
How many DOCs exist in Valle d’Aosta?
One – Valle d’Aosta DOC.
89
How many subzones are in the Valle d’Aosta DOC?
Seven.
90
Name the seven subzones of Valle d’Aosta DOC.
* Arnad-Montjovet
* Blanc de Morgex et de La Salle
* Chambave
* Donnas
* Enfer d’Arvier
* Nus
* Torrette
91
Which subzone is known for Europe’s highest vineyards?
Blanc de Morgex et de La Salle (on Mont Blanc).
92
What grape is dominant in Torrette, Chambave, and Enfer d’Arvier?
Petit Rouge.
93
What is Picotendro?
A local synonym for Nebbiolo.
94
Which subzones primarily use Picotendro (Nebbiolo)?
* Donnas
* Arnad-Montjovet
95
Name three other native red grapes of Valle d'Aosta
* Fumin
* Vien de Nus
* Cornalin
96
What grape is used in Blanc de Morgex et de La Salle?
Prié Blanc (aka Blanc de Morgex).
97
What styles are made from Prié Blanc?
Still and sparkling white wines.
98
What is Premetta usually used for?
Rosé wines.
99
What is Petite Arvine used for?
Aromatic dry whites with freshness and minerality.
100
Are varietal wines allowed under the Valle d’Aosta DOC?
Yes.
101
Name some authorized varieties for varietal labeling in Valle d'Aosta
* Petite Arvine
* Gamay
* Petit Rouge
* Fumin
* Premetta
102
What aging requirement exists for Torrette Superiore?
Minimum 8 months of aging.
103
What is Lombardy known for in terms of wine?
Modern quality sparkling wines and improving still wines.
104
Which major city provides a strong market for Lombardy wines?
Milan.
105
What is the most important DOCG zone in Lombardy?
Franciacorta DOCG.
106
What style of wine is Franciacorta DOCG limited to?
Sparkling wine only.
107
Under what labels can still wines from Franciacorta be released?
Curtefranca DOC or Sebino IGT.
108
Who pioneered modern Franciacorta sparkling wine production in the 1960s?
Guido Berlucchi.
109
Who is the producer behind Franciacorta’s prestige cuvée 'Annamaria Clementi'?
Maurizio Zanella of Ca' del Bosco.
110
When did Franciacorta earn DOCG status?
1995.
111
What winemaking method is required for Franciacorta DOCG wines?
Metodo classico (traditional method).
112
Which grapes are permitted in Franciacorta DOCG?
Chardonnay, Pinot Nero (Noir), and up to 50% Pinot Bianco.
113
What is the minimum lees aging for non-vintage Franciacorta DOCG?
18 months.
114
When can non-vintage Franciacorta be released?
At least 25 months after the harvest.
115
What is unique about Franciacorta Satèn?
Made only from white grapes and bottled at <5 atmospheres pressure.
116
What is the minimum Pinot Nero content required for Franciacorta Rosé?
35%.
117
How is Franciacorta Rosé produced?
By blending (not by saignée).
118
What is the minimum aging for vintage (millesimato) Franciacorta?
37 months.
119
What is the minimum percentage of grapes from the stated vintage in vintage Franciacorta?
85%.
120
What does 'Riserva' indicate in Franciacorta DOCG?
A vintage wine aged at least 5 years on lees, released after 67 months minimum.
121
What is the pressure range for standard Franciacorta sparkling wines?
5–6 atmospheres.
122
What is the pressure limit for Franciacorta Satèn?
Less than 5 atmospheres.
123
What does 'dosato' refer to in Franciacorta production?
The final sweetness level, determined by dosage.
124
Does Franciacorta follow the same residual sugar scale as Champagne?
Yes.
125
What type of sparkling wines are produced in Oltrepò Pavese?
Traditional method sparkling wines. Oltrepò Pavese Metodo Classico DOCG
126
What grape is emphasized in Oltrepò Pavese?
Pinot Nero grape
127
What is the minimum percentage of Pinot Nero required in Oltrepò Pavese sparkling wines?
70%
128
At what percentage of Pinot Nero can the wine be labeled varietally?
85%
129
What is the aging requirement for non-vintage Oltrepò Pavese wines?
15 months on the lees
130
What is the aging requirement for vintage Oltrepò Pavese wines?
Two years on the lees
131
What designation can still wines from the region be released as?
Oltrepò Pavese DOC
132
What is the most important zone for red wines in Lombardy?
Valtellina
## Footnote
Valtellina is known for its Nebbiolo grape, which is referred to as Chiavennasca in this region.
133
What is the name of the Nebbiolo grape in Valtellina?
Chiavennasca
## Footnote
This name indicates the specific variety of Nebbiolo grown in Valtellina.
134
How does the style of Nebbiolo from Valtellina compare to that from Piedmont?
Lighter and more angular
## Footnote
The unique climate and conditions of Valtellina influence the grape's characteristics.
135
What geographical features characterize Valtellina's vineyards?
Alpine location and high altitude
## Footnote
Despite these features, the region receives ample sunshine, aiding grape ripening.
136
What designation does Valtellina hold?
DOC
## Footnote
Valtellina is recognized as a Denominazione di Origine Controllata.
137
What are the two DOCG zones within Valtellina?
Valtellina Superiore DOCG and Sforzato di Valtellina
## Footnote
These zones indicate higher quality classifications for wines from the region.
138
What does Valtellina Superiore DOCG represent?
The heart of the viticultural region
## Footnote
It includes five subzones.
139
List the five subzones of Valtellina Superiore DOCG.
* Valgella
* Inferno
* Grumello
* Sassella
* Maroggia
## Footnote
Each subzone has its own unique characteristics and regulations.
140
What is the aging requirement for Valtellina Superiore wines?
24 months, with 12 months in cask
## Footnote
Riserva wines have a longer aging requirement of three years.
141
What is the term used for Valtellina Superiore wines bottled in Switzerland?
Stagafassli
## Footnote
This label indicates the wine's origin and special bottling conditions.
142
What is Sforzato di Valtellina also known as?
Valtellina Sfurzat
## Footnote
This style involves drying Nebbiolo grapes before fermentation.
143
What is the maximum juice content yield for Sforzato wines?
No more than half the equivalent juice content of freshly harvested grapes
## Footnote
This process intensifies the flavors of the wine.
144
What is the minimum aging period for Sforzato wines?
At least two years
## Footnote
This aging contributes to the wine's character.
145
What is the alcohol content requirement for Sforzato di Valtellina?
Minimum 14%
## Footnote
This reflects the concentration of flavors achieved through the drying process.
146
True or False: Valtellina Superiore wines can be labeled as Stagafassli only when bottled in Italy.
False
## Footnote
The Stagafassli label is specifically for wines bottled in Switzerland.
147
Where is the Moscato di Scanzo DOCG located?
Surrounds the town of Bergamo to the west of Franciacorta
148
What type of wines does Moscato di Scanzo DOCG produce?
Sweet passito red wines from a red Moscato grape
149
What is the minimum aging requirement for Moscato di Scanzo wines?
Two years
150
Can Moscato di Scanzo wines be aged in wood?
No
151
What is the typical bottle size for Moscato di Scanzo?
500 mL futura
152
Moscato di Scanzo wines are similar in bottle shape to which type of wine?
Inniskillin icewine
153
What geographical region does Liguria occupy?
A narrow band of mountainous coastland south of Piedmont
154
What is the status of viticulture in Liguria?
While on the decline, it has long been established in the region
155
What type of climate does Liguria enjoy?
Mediterranean climate
156
Which grape is particularly successful in Liguria?
Pigato (Vermentino)
157
Name two DOC wines where Pigato is especially successful.
* Colli di Luni
* Riviera Ligure di Ponente
158
What local red grape may be produced as Riviera Ligure di Ponente DOC varietal wines?
Rossese
159
What is another DOC designation for Rossese?
Rossese di Dolceacqua DOC
160
What type of wines remain well known from Cinque Terre DOC?
Basic, light Bosco-based white wines
161
True or False: Liguria is known for its flat terrain.
False
162
What is the Emilia-Romagna region known for in gastronomy?
Parmigiano-Reggiano, Prosciutto di Parma, Modena’s Balsamic vinegar
## Footnote
These are iconic food products that highlight the culinary heritage of the region.
163
How many DOCG appellations does Emilia-Romagna currently have?
Two
## Footnote
The two DOCG appellations are Romagna Albana and Colli Bolognesi Pignoletto.
164
What is significant about Romagna Albana?
Italy’s first white wine DOCG
## Footnote
It was promoted to DOCG status in 1987 and is often ridiculed.
165
What grape is used to produce Romagna Albana wines?
Albana grape
## Footnote
The wines can be made in a range of styles, with passito being the most promising.
166
When was Colli Bolognesi Pignoletto awarded DOCG status?
2011
## Footnote
It is produced from the Grechetto grape in the area surrounding Bologna.
167
What type of wines does Colli Bolognesi Pignoletto produce?
Tart, dry varietal white wines
## Footnote
These wines are made from the Grechetto grape.
168
What was the status of Pignoletto before 2014?
Commonly accepted synonym for Grechetto
## Footnote
After the creation of the Pignoletto DOC, it became an appellation.
169
What percentage of Emilia-Romagna’s output is at the DOC level?
Barely 15%
## Footnote
This indicates a general indifferent standard of quality in the region.
170
What is Lambrusco known for in Emilia-Romagna?
Monopolizing production in central provinces
## Footnote
The central provinces of Modena and Reggio are especially known for Lambrusco production.
171
Name three DOCs that produce Lambrusco wines.
* Lambrusco Grasparossa di Castelvetro
* Lambrusco di Sorbara
* Lambrusco Salamino di Santa Croce
## Footnote
These DOCs produce frizzante red wines from various subvarieties of Lambrusco.
172
What type of Lambrusco wines are prevalent in Emilia-Romagna?
Sparkling Lambrusco wines
## Footnote
These wines can range from dry to dolce.
173
Which brand helped popularize Lambrusco internationally in the 1970s?
Banfi’s 'Riunite'
## Footnote
It became one of Italy’s biggest export success stories.
174
True or False: The image of Lambrusco today suffers from low expectations.
True
## Footnote
Despite this, quality Lambrusco exists.
175
What do good bottles of Lambrusco pair well with?
Cured meats of the region
## Footnote
Lambrusco is known to complement the local cured meats.
176
What are the two provinces of the Trentino-Alto Adige region?
Trentino and Alto-Adige (Südtirol)
## Footnote
Trentino is Italian-speaking, while Alto-Adige is German-speaking.
177
What is the historical significance of grape cultivation in Trentino-Alto Adige?
Dates to pre-Roman times
## Footnote
This region has a long-standing tradition of grape cultivation.
178
What are the main DOCs under which wines are released in the Trentino-Alto Adige region?
Trentino and Alto-Adige (Südtiroler) DOCs
## Footnote
The Valdadige DOC also encapsulates this area but is multi-regional.
179
Name three grape varieties commonly found in Trentino DOC whites.
* Chardonnay
* Pinot Grigio
* Sauvignon Blanc
## Footnote
These are just a sample of the many varieties encountered.
180
What grape is heavily utilized in Alto Adige DOC production and is known for its aromatic wines?
Gewürztraminer
## Footnote
The name is linked to the local village of Tramin.
181
Describe the general style of many white wines from Trentino-Alto Adige.
Light in style and crisp in acidity
## Footnote
The region's wines are diverse, making generalization difficult.
182
What is the official subzone of Alto Adige that is gaining recognition for high-quality wines?
Valle Isarco (Eisacktaler in German)
## Footnote
This subzone often produces wines from German and Austrian varieties.
183
Which grape varieties are commonly produced in the Valle Isarco subzone?
* Silvaner
* Veltliner
* Kerner
## Footnote
Kerner is a modern crossing of Schiava Grossa x Riesling.
184
Where does Pinot Bianco find its best expression in Trentino-Alto Adige?
Oltradige, near Appiano
## Footnote
This area is just south of Bolzano.
185
What is the notable DOC subzone west of Bolzano known for its white wine blends?
Terlano
## Footnote
Terlano has a long history of blending Chardonnay, Pinot Bianco, and Sauvignon Blanc.
186
True or False: The inhabitants of Bolzano refer to Italians in the first person.
False
## Footnote
They are likely to refer to Italians in the third person.
187
Fill in the blank: The multi-regional _______ DOC encapsulates Trentino-Alto Adige and Verona in Veneto.
Valdadige
## Footnote
This DOC covers both regions.
188
What is the primary type of wine known from Trentino-Alto Adige?
White wines
## Footnote
However, the region supplies a larger quantity of red wines than whites.
189
What is the predominant grape variety in Trentino-Alto Adige?
Schiava (Vernatsch)
## Footnote
There are four genetically distinct varieties of Schiava.
190
What type of wines does Schiava produce?
Light red wines
191
Which subzone is the premier geographical appellation for Schiava varietal wines?
Santa Maddelena (St. Magdalener) subzone
192
What is the Casteller DOC in Trentino known for?
Allowing Schiava to be blended with Merlot and Lambrusco
193
Which DOC is shared by both provinces of Trentino-Alto Adige?
Lago di Caldaro DOC (Kalterersee)
194
How does the style of Lago di Caldaro DOC compare to Santa Maddelena?
Similar in style
195
What grape is native to Trentino but thrives in Alto Adige?
Lagrein
196
What type of wine does Lagrein produce compared to Schiava?
Denser, spicier wine
197
Where is the finest growing area for Lagrein located?
Gries, just outside of Bolzano
198
What is the growing area for Lagrein wines released under?
General DOC with area indication on the label
199
What type of grapes are favored at higher elevations in Trentino-Alto Adige?
White grapes
200
What is the primary agricultural product in the majority of the valley?
Apples
201
What percentage of Europe's apple production occurs in Trentino-Alto Adige?
10%
202
What grape variety is becoming increasingly important in Trentino-Alto Adige?
Pinot Nero
203
Where do the best examples of Pinot Nero come from?
Eastern side of the Bassa Atesina
204
True or False: Trentino-Alto Adige is predominantly known for red wines.
False
205
What grape variety is known for producing deeply colored wines in Trentino’s Teroldego Rotaliano DOC?
Teroldego
## Footnote
The red Teroldego grape is significant for its color and quality in the region.
206
Which ancient grape is a genetic progeny of Teroldego?
Marzemino
## Footnote
Marzemino is also a sibling of Lagrein.
207
List four red grape varieties that have been increasing in importance in Trentino-Alto Adige.
* Cabernet Sauvignon
* Cabernet Franc
* Merlot
* Pinot Nero
## Footnote
These varieties offer fragrant qualities that producers can highlight.
208
Does Trentino-Alto Adige contain any DOCG zones?
No
## Footnote
As of 2020, the region does not have any DOCG zones.
209
What percentage of Trentino-Alto Adige's production is of DOC quality as of 2020?
99%
## Footnote
This percentage places the region foremost among Italy’s twenty regions.
210
What is the major issue concerning the reputation of Trentino-Alto Adige's wine output?
Median quality
## Footnote
Over three-quarters of the region's output is dominated by co-ops.
211
Fill in the blank: Over three-quarters of Trentino-Alto Adige's output is dominated by _______.
co-ops
## Footnote
This dominance influences the overall perception of wine quality in the region.
212
What is the capital of Veneto?
Venice
213
What is the significance of Veneto in the context of Italian wine production?
Veneto produces more wine than any other region in Italy
214
What type of wine comprises much of the bottom tier of Venetian winemaking?
Neutral, cheap Pinot Grigio (Pinot Gris) and sparkling wines
215
What percentage of Veneto's wine production is DOC quality?
Over a quarter
216
Name two DOC zones in Veneto that have expanded into inferior areas.
* Soave
* Valpolicella
217
What criticism is associated with the DOC system in Veneto?
Expansion into markedly inferior areas fuels criticism of the DOC system
218
What contributes to the difficulties in raising the quality of wine in Veneto?
Distressingly high yields and presence of large mass-production wine companies
219
What is Amarone della Valpolicella commonly known as?
Amarone
220
What is notable about Amarone in the context of Italian wines?
It is one of the perennially expensive luxury wines of Italy
221
Fill in the blank: Veneto is the most significant of the three regions that comprise the _______.
Tre Venezie
222
True or False: Veneto is known for producing only high-quality wines.
False
223
What are the two raisinated styles that represent the height of complexity for the Valpolicella region?
Amarone della Valpolicella and Recioto della Valpolicella
224
What is the primary grape variety used in Valpolicella DOC wines?
45-95% Corvina
225
Which grape is commonly blended with Corvina in Valpolicella wines?
Rondinella, Molinara, Oseleta
226
What is the maximum percentage of non-aromatic grapes allowed in the Valpolicella blend?
15%
227
How would you describe the standard DOC wines from Valpolicella?
Refreshing, lively and uncomplicated
228
What characterizes wines labeled 'superiore' in Valpolicella?
Rounder character, higher minimum alcohol, and at least one year of aging
229
Where is the Valpolicella Classico region located?
At the western end of the appellation, near the shores of Lake Garda
230
Name three communes in the Valpolicella Classico region.
* Fumane
* Marano
* Negrar
* Sant' Ambrogio and San Pietro in Cariano
231
What is the significance of the eastern Valpolicella DOC valleys of Valpantena and Illasi?
Home of the unparalleled Venetian modernist Romano Dal Forno
232
What trend is becoming more common throughout the hierarchy of Valpolicella styles?
Single vineyard (vigna) bottlings
233
Fill in the blank: The cherry- and bitter almond-tinged red Valpolicella DOC wines are produced from _______.
45-95% Corvina
234
What is the recioto style in relation to Valpolicella wines?
The recioto style was the precursor to modern Valpolicella and a historical specialty of the region
## Footnote
Recioto represents a small subset of Valpolicella’s total production.
235
What process is used to produce Recioto della Valpolicella and Amarone wines?
The appassimento process
## Footnote
This process involves drying grapes for over three months before fermentation.
236
How long are the grapes for Recioto della Valpolicella typically dried?
Grapes are typically dried for an additional month beyond the initial three months
## Footnote
This extended drying results in semi-sweet to sweet wines.
237
What is the fermentation outcome for Amarone compared to Recioto della Valpolicella?
Amarone is fermented to dryness or near-dryness, while Recioto is semi-sweet to sweet.
238
What additional characteristics does the appassimento process add to the wines?
Complex dried fruit tones, additional alcoholic warmth, and a round, glycolic mouthfeel
## Footnote
These characteristics enhance the overall flavor profile of the wines.
239
How long does Amarone spend aging before release?
Amarone spends an additional two years aging prior to release.
240
What are some aging methods used by different producers of Amarone?
Some producers use new barriques for spice and density, while others use large, neutral Slavonian botti.
241
What is the minimum aging requirement for Amarone to be labeled as riserva?
A minimum of four years aging.
242
When were Recioto della Valpolicella and Amarone della Valpolicella approved for DOCG status?
In early 2010.
243
What labels can Recioto della Valpolicella and Amarone della Valpolicella have based on their origin?
They may be labeled as Classico or Valpantena.
244
Can Recioto della Valpolicella wines be spumante?
Yes, Recioto della Valpolicella wines may be spumante.
245
What is Valpolicella Ripasso?
A wine re-passed over and re-fermented with unpressed skins of grapes previously fermented for Amarone or Recioto wine.
246
What is the minimum alcohol requirement for Valpolicella Ripasso?
A minimum alcohol of 12.5%.
247
What is the minimum alcohol requirement for Valpolicella Ripasso Superiore?
Must achieve 13% alcohol.
248
Where does the Bardolino DOC zone lie?
Between Valpolicella Classico and the eastern shores of Lake Garda
## Footnote
Bardolino is known for its lighter and more neutral wines compared to Valpolicella.
249
Which grapes dominate the Bardolino blend?
Corvina and Rondinella
## Footnote
These grapes are key components in the production of Bardolino wines.
250
What is the aging requirement for Bardolino Superiore DOCG?
One year prior to release
## Footnote
Bardolino Superiore also requires an additional one percent of alcohol.
251
What type of wine is produced as Bardolino Chiaretto?
Rosé
## Footnote
Bardolino Chiaretto is a specific style of rosé wine from the Bardolino region.
252
What is the minimum percentage of Garganega in Soave DOC wines?
70%
## Footnote
Soave wines may also contain up to 30% Trebbiano di Soave and/or Chardonnay.
253
What is the maximum percentage of other authorized white wine grapes allowed in Soave DOC?
5%
## Footnote
This allows for some flexibility in the blend while maintaining the primary grape focus.
254
What major issue has Soave faced due to its expansion?
Loss of original meaning and distinction. The expansion from its hilly Classico zone has diluted the region's identity.
255
How many individual crus were recognized in Soave as of 2019?
33
## Footnote
This formalized effort was made to classify Soave into geographical entities.
256
Name the two DOCGs that exist in Soave.
* Recioto di Soave DOCG
* Soave Superiore DOCG
## Footnote
These DOCGs represent higher quality classifications within the Soave region.
257
What is the aging requirement for Soave Superiore?
At least six months
## Footnote
It can be labeled as riserva with at least one year of aging.
258
What is a common fermentation method for Recioto di Soave?
Barrel fermentation
## Footnote
This method is used to enhance the wine's complexity.
259
What is encouraged in the production of Recioto di Soave?
Growth of botrytis cinerea
## Footnote
This fungus contributes to the sweet characteristics of the wine.
260
Can Soave DOC and Recioto di Soave DOCG wines be spumante?
Yes
## Footnote
However, Soave Superiore DOCG wines may not be spumante.
261
What is the principal grape used in Gambellara DOC wines?
Garganega
## Footnote
Garganega must make up at least 80% of the wine.
262
What status did Recioto di Gambellara achieve in 2008?
DOCG status
## Footnote
This status is for sweet still and sparkling wines produced from 100% dried Garganega grapes.
263
Which region is located immediately east of Soave?
Gambellara DOC
## Footnote
Gambellara wines are similar in style and makeup to Soave.
264
What type of wines does Fausto Maculan craft in Breganze?
Breganze Torcolato DOC wines. These wines are singular and produced from the local grape Vespaiolo. Passito style.
265
What grape is exclusively authorized for the production of Breganze Torcolato DOC wines?
Vespaiolo. Vespaiolo is known for its acidity and making *passito* wines
266
What types of wines are produced as Breganze DOC?
Varietal dry wines
## Footnote
These wines can be made from both local and international varieties.
267
What grape variety is primarily used for sparkling wines in Veneto?
Glera grape
## Footnote
Glera grape is known for its inherent peachiness.
268
What are the two types of sparkling wines produced in Veneto?
Frizzante and Spumante wines
## Footnote
Frizzante wines are slightly sparkling, while Spumante wines are fully sparkling.
269
What is the pressure range for Spumante wines?
Minimum 3.5 atmospheres of pressure
## Footnote
Spumante wines are fully sparkling.
270
What is the pressure range for Frizzante wines?
1.0-2.5 atmospheres of pressure
## Footnote
Frizzante wines are slightly sparkling.
271
What method is used to produce sparkling wines in Veneto?
Charmat method
## Footnote
This method involves secondary fermentation in large stainless steel autoclaves.
272
What is a common characteristic of Prosecco wines at their worst?
Bland sparklers masked by a healthy addition of sugar
## Footnote
This is a negative aspect of lower-quality Prosecco.
273
What are the ideal flavor profiles of high-quality Prosecco wines?
Semi-sweet or nearly dry, energetic, and fresh
## Footnote
These characteristics make Prosecco a perfect Venetian aperitivo.
274
Fill in the blank: The sparkling wines of Veneto are produced in large quantities, with over _______ hectoliters annually.
one million hectoliters
## Footnote
This highlights the scale of production in the region.
275
What is the role of large stainless steel autoclaves in the production of Veneto sparkling wines?
They keep the wine under pressure during secondary fermentation
## Footnote
This is essential for creating the sparkling effect.
276
True or False: The Glera grape develops leesy, yeasty aromas during the production of sparkling wines.
False
## Footnote
The inherent peachiness of the Glera grape remains unadulterated.
277
What cocktail is a classic component of Prosecco?
Bellini cocktail
## Footnote
Prosecco is often used in making this popular cocktail.
278
What are the two DOCG zones for Prosecco from the 2009 vintage onward?
Conegliano Valdobbiadene Prosecco DOCG and Asolo Prosecco DOCG
## Footnote
Asolo Prosecco DOCG was formerly known as Prosecco Montello e Colli Asolani.
279
What types of wine can be produced in both DOCG zones?
Still wine, frizzante, and spumante superiore styles
## Footnote
The focus is mainly on frizzante and spumante superiore.
280
What sweetness levels can fully sparkling superiore wines from the DOCG zones range from?
Brut to demi-sec
## Footnote
In practice, the wines are principally extra dry or brut.
281
What is indicated on the label for semi-sparkling styles that undergo secondary fermentation in the bottle?
The style of the wine
## Footnote
This indicates that the wine has undergone a specific fermentation process.
282
What geographical area represents the historical heartland of Prosecco production?
The hilly zone between Conegliano and Valdobbiadene
## Footnote
This area has been recognized as DOCG.
283
What is the most noteworthy cru in the Prosecco region?
Cartizze
## Footnote
Cartizze comprises a mere 107 of the DOCG’s approximate 8,000 hectares.
284
What is the labeling for wines from the Cartizze subzone?
Valdobbiadene Superiore di Cartizze
## Footnote
These wines are fully sparkling and generally 'dry,' with 17-35 grams per liter of residual sugar.
285
What percentage of the Glera grape is required in the wine from both DOCG zones?
A minimum of 85%
## Footnote
This is a requirement for both DOCG zones.
286
What is the typical release status for most Prosecco?
Non-vintage
## Footnote
The wine may be released with a vintage date if it consists of at least 85% of the stated year’s harvest.
287
What happens if a wine is not at DOC level regarding the use of the name Prosecco?
The name Prosecco may no longer be used on labels
## Footnote
This highlights the importance of meeting DOC standards for labeling.
288
Lison DOCG is shared between which two regions in Italy?
Veneto and Fruili Venezia Guilia
289
What cultural influences shape the winemaking tradition of Friuli-Venezia Giulia?
Slavic, German, and Italian cultures
## Footnote
The region's winemaking techniques reflect a blend of various cultural practices.
290
Who is credited with ushering in a new age of clean, modern white winemaking in Friuli-Venezia Giulia during the 1960s?
Mario Schiopetto
## Footnote
His contributions were pivotal in the evolution of the region's winemaking techniques.
291
What fermentation technique was introduced in Friuli during the 1960s?
Controlled cold fermentations in stainless steel
## Footnote
This technique significantly improved the quality and style of white wines.
292
What is the characteristic style of Friulian white wines?
Crisp, aromatic, fruit-driven varietal white wines designed for quick consumption
## Footnote
This style emphasizes freshness and approachability.
293
How have modern Friulian whites evolved in their production methods?
Blended, barrel-fermented and aged, powerful and lush
## Footnote
Modern techniques have allowed for more complexity and richness in the wines.
294
What criticism do some critics have about the current state of winemaking in Friuli?
Winemaking has become too clean—even clinical
## Footnote
Critics argue that the pursuit of cleanliness may sacrifice character and complexity.
295
What non-invasive practices have been adopted in Friulian winemaking?
Gravity flow and minimized use of sulfur
## Footnote
These practices aim to enhance the quality of the wines while maintaining their integrity.
296
What is the approach taken by a small subset of producers led by Josko Gravner?
Making 'orange' white wines with lengthy skin contact in ancient Slavic fashion
## Footnote
This method contrasts with the modern clean techniques and explores traditional practices.
297
True or False: The fresh style pioneered in Friuli has become uncommon throughout much of Italy.
False
## Footnote
The style has become commonplace in many regions of Italy.
298
Fill in the blank: The introduction of controlled cold fermentations in stainless steel led to the _______ style in Friuli.
Friulian
## Footnote
This style is characterized by its crisp and aromatic qualities.
299
What are the international grapes often bottled as varietal wines in Friuli?
Pinot Bianco, Chardonnay, Pinot Grigio, Sauvignon Blanc
## Footnote
Sauvignon Blanc is simply called Sauvignon in Friuli.
300
Which native grapes produce sweet passito wines in Friuli?
Verduzzo Gialla (Ramandolo), Picolit. These grapes are recognized under two DOCG zones: Ramandolo DOCG and Colli Orientali del Friuli-Picolit DOCG.
301
What is the sole subzone within Colli Orientali del Friuli-Picolit DOCG?
Cialla
## Footnote
Cialla is a monopole of the Ronchi di Cialla estate.
302
What indigenous red grape is Ronchi di Cialla estate known for?
Schioppettino
## Footnote
The estate is more renowned for shepherding Schioppettino back from extinction than for their Picolit vines.
303
Which types of wines earn Friuli international interest?
Orange wines, dry and powerful white wines
## Footnote
Notable producers include Gravner, Radikon, Miani, and Livio Felluga.
304
What is the trademark white variety of Friuli formerly known as Tocai Friulano?
Friulano. Friulano is also called Tai.
305
What unique flavors does Friulano wine provide?
Almond, mineral
## Footnote
It pairs well with the famous Prosciutto di San Daniele of Friuli.
306
In which DOCG blend is Friulano the core grape?
Rosazzo DOCG
## Footnote
The blend is modeled on Felluga's iconic 'Terre Alte'.
307
What is the significance of Ribolla Gialla in Friuli?
It has achieved fame as the subject of Gravner’s amphorae treatments
## Footnote
Ribolla Gialla is noted for its unique winemaking process.
308
Fill in the blank: The orange wines of _______ and _______ are notable in modern Friuli.
Gravner, Radikon
309
What is the growing region that crosses the Veneto border in western Friuli?
Lison DOCG
## Footnote
Friulano is produced as a varietal wine in this region.
310
True or False: Sauvignon and Chardonnay are the only grapes that win accolades in Friuli.
False
## Footnote
Other grapes like Ribolla Gialla and Malvasia Istriana are also recognized.
311
What are the notable producers of Sauvignon Blanc in Friuli?
Venica e Venica, Ronco del Gnemiz
312
What type of wines is Friuli most acclaimed for?
White wines
## Footnote
While Friuli is renowned for its white wines, it also produces significant amounts of red wines, particularly from Merlot.
313
Which grape varieties may be blended with or vinified separately from Merlot?
* Cabernet Franc
* Cabernet Sauvignon
## Footnote
These varieties produce wines with lighter, fragrant, herbal flavors.
314
What are the most noteworthy indigenous red grapes in Friuli?
* Refosco
* Schioppettino
* Terrano
* Pignolo
## Footnote
Refosco is the most planted, while Schioppettino and Pignolo are much rarer but produce denser wines.
315
Which type of Refosco is commonly found in Friuli?
Refosco dal Peduncolo Rosso
## Footnote
This variety is often referred to simply as Refosco in Friuli.
316
What characteristics are associated with Schioppettino and Pignolo wines?
Density, spice, and ageworthiness
## Footnote
These two grapes are rarer but known for producing high-quality wines.
317
What is Terrano also known as?
* Refosco d'Istria
* Refosk
## Footnote
Terrano originated in Carso/Kras and is often confused with Friulian Refosco.
318
What flavor profile can Terrano provide when well-crafted?
Fruity and meaty, with firm tannins and lively acidity
## Footnote
It can offer unexpected value in the right hands.
319
Which DOC zones are the most relevant and quality-minded in Friuli?
* Collio DOC (Collio Goriziano)
* Colli Orientali del Friuli DOC
## Footnote
These zones focus on quality wine production.
320
What is the most prolific DOC in Friuli?
Grave del Friuli DOC
## Footnote
This DOC is known for its high volume of wine production.
321
How many geographic DOCs does Friuli have?
Eleven
## Footnote
All produce varietally labeled red and white wines.
322
Which is the twelfth DOC appellation that extends into Friuli?
Veneto’s Prosecco DOC
## Footnote
This DOC is notable for its sparkling wines.
323
What rank does Friuli hold among Italy’s regions in DOC wine production?
Third
## Footnote
It follows Trentino-Alto Adige and Piedmont in terms of DOC production percentage.
