Spain Flashcards
(399 cards)
1
Q
What law barred Spanish colonies from producing their own wines?
A
17th century Spanish law
This law aimed to protect Spanish exports like Málaga and Sherry.
2
Q
What were the consequences of the 17th century law on New World wine industries?
A
It impeded the nascent New World wine industries
The law was designed to protect Spanish wine exports.
3
Q
In which century did oidium and phylloxera strike France?
A
1850s and 1860s
This event led to significant changes in the wine industry, particularly in Rioja.
4
Q
What region experienced a sudden influx of French winemakers due to oidium and phylloxera?
A
Rioja
French winemakers sought to bridge the gap caused by their disease-ridden vineyards.
5
Q
Who were the Bordeaux-trained figures that returned to Rioja?
A
Marqués de Riscal and Marqués de Murrieta
They brought grape varieties and techniques from the Médoc.
6
Q
What aging technique did Spanish winemakers adopt from Bordeaux?
A
Barrique aging
In Spain, it is referred to as barricas.
7
Q
What type of oak did Rioja winemakers use for barrique aging?
A
American oak (Quercus alba)
This choice was influenced by Spain’s history of transatlantic colonial trade.
8
Q
Which wineries are considered great traditionalist Rioja wineries that began in the 19th century?
A
- López de Heredia
- CVNE
- La Rioja Alta
- Berceo
These wineries started in the latter half of the 19th century.
9
Q
What sparkling wine method was born in the second half of the 19th century?
A
Traditional method sparkling wine—champaña, now known as Cava
This was developed at San Sadurní d’Anoia.
10
Q
What major pest affected Spain’s vineyards in the early 20th century?
A
Phylloxera
11
Q
Consejos Reguladores were established for which major regions in 1930s?
A
Rioja, Jerez, and Málaga
12
Q
Who was the dictator of Spain during the late 1930s that established a fascist regime?
A
Francisco Franco
13
Q
What significant event in Spain’s history occurred in 1975?
A
The death of Francisco Franco
14
Q
What hindered winemakers in Spain during Franco’s regime?
A
Suppression of economic freedom
15
Q
Who introduced stainless steel and temperature-controlled fermentations to Catalonia?
A
Miguel Torres
16
Q
What regulations were approved in 1970 for Rioja?
A
Denominación de Origen regulations
17
Q
What characterized Spain’s response to its new freedom after Franco?
A
Celebration and diversification of regional cultures
18
Q
What is the current state of winemaking techniques in Spain?
A
A diverse mix of experimental, modern, and traditional techniques
19
Q
How are Spain’s wine laws characterized in comparison to other European countries?
A
Some of the most adaptable
20
Q
Fill in the blank: The root louse arrived in Rioja near the dawn of the ______ century.
A
20th
21
Q
True or False: Spain remained a fascist country in Western Europe after World War II.
A
True
22
Q
What are the two highest tiers of quality wine in Spain?
A
Denominación de Origen (DO) and Denominación de Origen Calificada (DOCa)
These are equivalent to the EU’s Protected Designation of Origin (DOP) status.
23
Q
When were the first DOs awarded in Spain?
A
1932
This marks the beginning of the DO system in Spain.
24
Q
What is Vinos de Calidad con Indicación Geográfica (VCIG) considered in the new European appellation scheme?
A
DOP. VCIG was once seen as a steppingstone to DO, no longer in use.
25
What is the lowest level of quality wine in Spain?
Vino de la Tierra (VdlT)
This falls under the EU’s Protected Geographical Indication (IGP) scheme.
26
What do DO Pago (Vinos de Pago) estates represent?
A theoretically superior appellation to the basic DO
They must exceed basic DO requirements.
27
What must an estate within an existing DO do to qualify for DO Pago status?
Surpass basic DO requirements. This typically includes lowered yields and quality winemaking measures. Show international critical praise and a decade's worth of quality production
28
Is there significant interest in Pagos in Spain's top quality appellations like Rioja and Ribera del Duero?
No. Producers in these regions have no incentive to distance from established brands.
29
What is the minimum aging period for Noble?
18 months in a cask of less than 600 L or bottle
30
What is the minimum aging period for Añejo?
24 months in a cask of less than 600 L or bottle
31
What is the minimum aging period for Viejo?
36 months, demonstrates marked oxidative character
32
What three autonomías comprise North-Central Spain?
Navarra, La Rioja, Aragón
## Footnote
These regions are known for their distinct geographical and cultural characteristics.
33
What mountain ranges shelter North-Central Spain?
Pyrenees Mountains - Northeast
Cantabrian Mountains - Northwest
These mountains play a significant role in the climate of the region.
34
What effect do the Pyrenees Mountains have on the climate of North-Central Spain?
They create a rain shadow effect
This results in distinct climatic conditions in the highlands.
35
Which river emerges from the eastern Cantabrian Mountains?
Ebro River
The Ebro is significant for its course and the regions it traverses.
36
What is the historic significance of the Rioja DOCa?
It is Spain’s premier red wine region
Rioja's reputation is linked to its quality wine production.
37
In what year was Rioja designated as Denominación de Origen Calificada?
1991
38
Fill in the blank: Rioja is named after the _______ river.
Oja
## Footnote
This naming distinction reflects the local geography.
39
What geographical feature divides France and Spain to the northeast of North-Central Spain?
Pyrenees Mountains
This mountain range influences trade and cultural exchange between the two countries.
40
What is the direction of the Ebro River's flow?
Southeasterly
41
Who guided viticulture in the Middle Ages in major winegrowing regions of Europe?
Christian monks
Monastic communities played a crucial role in the development and preservation of viticulture practices.
42
What language did Gonzalo de Berceo prefer for his poetry?
Spanish
43
What is significant about Berceo's poetry?
It represents the first Spanish poetry committed to paper. This occurred more than a century after the king’s legal recognition of Rioja in 1102.
44
When was Rioja legally recognized by the king?
1102
45
What century saw further decrees protecting the wines’ regional identity?
17th century
46
In which century did the style of Rioja wines begin to shift due to French influence?
19th century
47
What became a standard practice for aging Rioja wines?
Aging in American oak barrels
48
What are the characteristics of the classic style of Rioja red wines?
Soft, muted red fruit, firm acidity, oak aromas of coconut, vanilla, and cedar
49
What is emerging in the styles of Rioja today?
A new spectrum of styles emphasizing French oak, more extraction, and riper, darker fruit
50
What dichotomy exists in the region’s white wines?
Some are clean, fruity, modern; others are wood-toned, oxidative, and textural
51
True or False: Rioja white wines are always dry.
False
52
Fill in the blank: Rioja white wines may occasionally be _______.
off-dry
53
What is the main grape of red Rioja?
Tempranillo
## Footnote
Tempranillo is the most planted grape in Spain.
54
What are the traditional blending partners of Tempranillo in Rioja?
* Mazuelo (Carignan)
* Graciano
* Garnacha
* Maturana Tinta (2007)
55
What percentage of the red Rioja blend must the four main grapes comprise?
Minimum 85%
This percentage increases to 95% if the grapes are destemmed.
56
What type of grapes can make up the remainder of the red Rioja blend?
Experimental grapes such as Cabernet Sauvignon
These grapes are not traditional but can be included.
57
What is the dominant white grape in Rioja?
Viura, known as Macabéo in other regions.
58
List the other white grapes permitted in Rioja blends.
* Garnacha Blanca
* Malvasía Riojano
* Maturana Blanca
* Chardonnay
* Tempranillo Blanco
* Sauvignon Blanc
* Turruntés
* Verdejo
59
What is the minimum percentage of primary red grapes required in Rosado wines?
25%
The primary red grapes refer to the four main grapes of Rioja.
60
What are the three climatically distinct subzones of Rioja?
Rioja Alta, Rioja Alavesa, Rioja Oriental
61
Which subzone of Rioja is the smallest and northernmost?
Rioja Alavesa
62
What type of wines does Tempranillo often produce in Rioja Alavesa?
vino joven wines for early consumption
63
What winemaking technique may be employed for vino joven wines?
Carbonic maceration
64
Which subzone of Rioja is located in the southwest and produces ageworthy wines?
Rioja Alta
65
What grape varieties are commonly produced in Rioja Alta?
Tempranillo, Mazuelo, Graciano
66
What type of soil structure do Rioja Alta and Rioja Alavesa share?
High proportion of calcareous clay
67
What is the climate of Rioja Oriental, and what type of soils does it contain?
Hottest subregion with more alluvial soils and ferrous clay
68
Which grape variety performs best in the hot climate of Rioja Oriental?
Garnacha
69
What is one method producers use to create a base style wine in Rioja?
Sourcing blends from all three subregions
70
What are the characteristics of wines produced from blends of the three subregions?
Freshness of Rioja Alavesa, extract and alcoholic warmth of Rioja Oriental, acidity and structure of Rioja Alta
71
Who is a staunch traditionalist known for producing single vineyard wines in Rioja?
López de Heredia
72
What are the names of the estate vineyards from which López de Heredia produces wines?
Bosconia and Tondonia
73
Which modern winery in Rioja Alavesa is known for its avant-garde architectural design?
Ysios
74
What type of wine does Ysios produce?
Pure Tempranillo
75
Who designed the impressive new structure for Marqués de Riscal’s estate?
Frank Gehry
76
What is Frank Gehry famous for designing besides Marqués de Riscal’s estate?
Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao
77
Which winery is known to have a sleek new visitors’ boutique designed by Zaha Hadid?
Lopez de Heredia
78
Fill in the blank: Rioja Oriental is the ______ subregion of Rioja.
hottest
79
What year was the official single vineyard category established?
2017
80
What is required for a vineyard to be classified as a single vineyard?
* Soil assessment
* Vines must be at least 35 years old
* Proof of working with the vineyard for at least 10 years
* Wine must pass a tasting panel
* Grapes must be hand-harvested at a lower yield
81
What new category was added in 2018 for sparkling wine?
Vino Espumoso de Calidad
82
What are the requirements for a wine to be labeled as Vino Espumoso de Calidad?
* Grapes must be hand-harvested
* Entire winemaking process must occur at the same facility
83
What aging period is required for Vino Espumoso?
Minimum of 15 months lees aging
84
What aging periods are required for Reserva and Gran Anãda wines?
* Reserva: 24 months
* Gran Anãda: 36 months
85
What is a specific requirement for Gran Anãda wines?
Must be produced with fruit harvested during a single vintage
86
Fill in the blank: To be classified as a single vineyard, the estate must have proof of working with the vineyard for at least ______.
10 years
87
True or False: Brut Nature, Extra Brut, and Brut styles are allowed under the Vino Espumoso de Calidad category.
True
88
What is the primary wine type produced in Navarra?
Red wine accounts for approximately 60% of Navarra’s production
Navarra has historically been known for rosado wines, but red wine has overtaken in production volume.
89
What percentage of Navarra's wine production is represented by rosado wines?
30% of the region’s output
90
Which two red grape varieties are the major ones in Navarra?
Garnacha and Tempranillo
These varieties are traditional to the region and contribute significantly to its red wine production.
91
What is Navarra's most prominent white grape variety?
Chardonnay
Chardonnay plantings have spiked in the last two decades, despite white grapes only accounting for about 7% of vineyard acreage.
92
What percentage of vineyard acreage in Navarra is dedicated to white grapes?
About 7%
This indicates a significant focus on red grape cultivation in the region.
93
Which red grape varieties of French origin are gaining popularity in Navarra?
Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, and Pinot Noir
The rise of these varieties reflects changing trends in winemaking in Navarra.
94
List the five subzones of Navarra.
* Valdizarbe
* Baja Montaña
* Tierra Estella
* Ribera Alta
* Ribera Baja
95
By which century did the rosados of Navarra achieve recognition?
By the 15th century
96
How many estates in Navarra have earned their own DO Pago appellations?
Four estates
97
Name two estates in Tierra Estella that have earned DO Pago appellations.
* Señorío de Arínzano
* Prado Irache
98
Which estate is located in Valdizarbe and has a DO Pago appellation?
Bodegas Otazu
99
Which estate is located in Ribera Baja and has a DO Pago appellation?
Bolandin
100
What is the hot southern sector of Navarra known as?
Ribera Baja
101
What four DOs are contained in the autonomía of Aragon?
*Campo de Borja
*Calatayud
*Cariñena
*Somontano
102
Which grape variety commands around two-thirds of the vineyard acreage in Campo de Borja?
Garnacha
103
What types of wines are produced in Campo de Borja?
Red, rosado, and white wines
Red and rosado wines are mainly from Garnacha and Tempranillo, while white wines are based on Viura.
104
Which grape varieties dominate the vineyards of Calatayud DO and Cariñena DO?
Garnacha
105
What is the historical significance of Cariñena DO?
It is one of Spain’s longstanding delimited zones, dating to 1932
Cariñena is recognized for its Carignan/Mazuelo grape, although it is now a secondary grape in blends.
106
What does Somontano mean in Spanish?
Beneath the mountain
Somontano DO is located in the foothills of the Pyrenees.
107
Name two local grape varieties produced in Somontano.
*Alcañón (White)
*Parraleta (Red)
108
What are the names of the two Pagos in the Aragon region?
Ayles, Urbezo
109
What regions are included in Green Spain?
Galicia
Asturias
Cantabria
País Vasco (Basque Country)
Green Spain is located along the northern Costa Verde of Spain.
110
What geographical feature characterizes Galicia?
Lush vegetation and dense forests, rías, small rivers, low mountain ranges
Rías are estuaries that are prominent in Galicia.
111
What climate is typical of Galicia?
Cool maritime climate
112
What is Galicia emerging as one of Spain’s best areas for?
Crisp, refreshing white wines
The region's climate and geography support white wine production.
113
How does Galicia differ from the popular conception of Spanish landscapes?
Galicia is lush, not arid
The nickname 'Green Spain' highlights this contrast.
114
What are the five DOs (Denominaciones de Origen) in Galicia?
Rías Baixas
Ribeiro
Valdeorras
Ribeira Sacra
Monterrei
115
Which autonomia borders the northwestern border of Portugal?
Galicia
116
What does Rías Baixas DO translate to in English?
The low estuaries
117
How many subzones does Rías Baixas DO contain?
Five subzones
118
List the subzones of Rías Baixas DO.
* Val do Salnés (N)
* Ribeira do Ulla (N)
* Soutomaior
* O Rosal (S)
* Condado do Tea (S)
119
What grape variety is primarily used in classic wines from Rías Baixas?
Albariño
120
What is the requirement for a wine labeled Rías Baixas Albariño?
It will not contain any blending grapes
121
What is the minimum percentage of recommended varieties required for wines labeled from Val do Salnés or Ribeira do Ulla?
70%
122
What are the recommended grape varieties for wines from Rías Baixas?
* Albariño
* Loureiro
* Treixadura
* Caiño Blanco
123
What is the minimum percentage of Albariño required in wines from the southern subzones O Rosal and Condado do Tea?
70%
124
What are the favored white grapes in Portugal’s neighboring Vinho Verde?
* Loureiro
* Treixadura
125
What types of fermentation and aging may classic Albariño wines undergo?
* Malolactic fermentation
* Barrica aging
126
What tasting notes are typical for classic Albariño wines?
* Stone fruit
* Citrus flowers
* Minerality
127
What grape varieties are used to produce red wines in Rías Baixas?
* Caiño
* Espadeiro
* Mencía
128
What percentage of vineyard acreage in Rías Baixas is devoted to Albariño?
96%
129
What is Ribeiro DO known for?
One of Spain’s oldest recognized wine regions producing red and white wines
130
What river is Ribeiro DO located along?
Miño River
131
Which white grape is favored in Ribeiro DO?
Treixadura
132
What grape is gradually being replaced by Treixadura in Ribeiro DO?
Palomino
133
What is Vino Tostado?
A dried grape wine, local specialty in Ribeiro DO
134
Why is Ribeira Sacra DO referred to as the 'sacred bank'?
Named for its large concentration of churches
135
How many subregions does Ribeira Sacra encompass?
Five subregions
136
Name the five subregions of Ribeira Sacra DO.
* Amandi
* Chantada
* Quiroga-Bibei
* Ribeiras do Sil
* Ribeiras do Miño
137
What notable feature do the slopes of Ribeira Sacra have?
Steeply terraced slopes
138
Who built the terraces in Ribeira Sacra and when?
The Romans, approximately 2000 years ago
139
What are the primary grapes used for better red and white wines in Ribeira Sacra?
* Mencía
* Treixadura
* Godello
140
What is Valdeorras DO known for?
Galicia’s easternmost zone. Known for high acid Godello whites
141
Which wine type is best produced in Valdeorras?
High-acid Godello whites
142
What is notable about Monterrei DO?
Southernmost DO in Galicia with only a handful of wineries
143
What autonomias in Spain do not produce DO wine?
Asturias and Cantabria
144
What are the three principal DO zones in País Vasco?
Getariako Txakolina, Bizkaiko Txakolina, Arabako Txakolina
145
What types of wines can be produced from the three DOs in País Vasco?
White, red, or rosado
146
Which grape is predominantly used for white wines in País Vasco?
Ondarrabi Zuri
147
What percentage of vineyard acreage in Getariako is planted with Ondarrabi Zuri?
95%
148
What is the preferred local red variety in Getariako?
Ondarrabi Beltza
149
What are the rare rosado wines traditionally known as?
Ojo de Gallo
150
What types of grapes are often blended to produce rosado wines?
Ondarrabi Zuri and Ondarrabi Beltza
151
Describe the characteristics of Txakoli white wines.
Low in alcohol, high in lemony acidity, light effervescence
152
What type of food do Txakoli wines complement well?
Oily seafood
153
When should Txakoli wines be consumed?
In their youth
154
Fill in the blank: The white wines from País Vasco are predominantly produced from the native _______ grape.
Ondarrabi Zuri
155
What is the largest autonomía in Spain?
Castilla y León
Castilla y León is also known as Old Castile.
156
What nickname is given to Castilla y León?
The land of castles
This refers to the numerous fortifications built to repel the Moors.
157
What significant historical event occurred in the 15th century involving Castilla y León?
The dynastic union with Aragon through marriage
This union led to the birth of the Kingdom of Spain.
158
How long was Castilian Spanish the only official dialect in Spain?
Two centuries
This lasted until the ratification of the Spanish constitution in 1978.
159
What type of climate characterizes Castilla y León?
Continental climate
The climate is slightly moderated by proximity to the Atlantic and Mediterranean.
160
What is the terrain of Castilla y León primarily composed of?
The northern part of the Meseta Central and surrounding mountains
## Footnote
The Meseta Central is the arid central plateau of Spain.
161
Which river flows through the center of Castilla y León?
Duero River
## Footnote
The Duero flows westward toward Portugal.
162
List at least three Denominations of Origin (DO) associated with the Duero River.
* Ribera del Duero
* Rueda
* Toro
* Tierra del Vino de Zamora
* Arribes
## Footnote
These DOs are located along the river's path.
163
What DO is located directly north of Ribera del Duero?
Arlanza DO
## Footnote
This DO is situated north of Ribera del Duero.
164
Which DO lies to the west of Ribera del Duero and Arlanza?
Cigales DO
165
Where are León DO and Bierzo DO located?
In the mountainous northwestern corner of Castilla y León
## Footnote
Bierzo borders Valdeorras in Galicia.
166
Where is the Mencía grape primarily found?
In the valleys of the Sil River and its tributaries in the Bierzo DO
## Footnote
Bierzo is a designated wine region in Spain known for its unique terroir.
167
What types of wines is Mencía often used to produce?
Red wines and rosé wines
## Footnote
Mencía is often the dominant grape in these wines.
168
Name the river in Bierzo
Sil
169
Who founded Descendientes de José Palacios?
Álvaro Palacios and his nephew Ricardo Pérez in 1999
## Footnote
Álvaro Palacios is a well-known figure in the Priorat wine region.
170
What type of wines did Descendientes de José Palacios achieve recognition for?
Biodynamic 'Corullón' bottlings
## Footnote
These wines are extracted, old-vine Mencía-based sourced from mountainside schist soils.
171
Name one of the modern trailblazers in Bierzo alongside Descendientes de José Palacios.
Dominio de Tares or Pittacum
## Footnote
These producers are known for commanding high prices for their wines.
172
What other grape varieties are used to produce white wines in Bierzo?
Godello and Doña Blanca
## Footnote
While these show promise, Palomino still dominates the vineyards.
173
What was the León DO upgraded from in 2007?
Vino de la Tierra
## Footnote
This upgrade allows León to produce more recognized wines.
174
What types of wines does León DO produce?
Reds, whites, and rosados
## Footnote
León DO is known for its diverse wine offerings.
175
What are the recommended red grape varieties in León DO?
Mencía and Prieto Picudo
## Footnote
These grapes are well-suited for the region's climate and soil.
176
What is Ribera del Duero DO known for?
It is one of Spain’s top red wine-producing regions
## Footnote
Ribera del Duero surrounds the towns of Aranda de Duero and Peñafiel in the Duero River Valley.
177
Who founded Vega Sicilia?
Don Eloy Lecanda y Chaves
## Footnote
Vega Sicilia is the flagship estate of Ribera del Duero.
178
What year did Don Eloy Lecanda y Chaves plant Bordeaux varieties and Pinot Noir?
1864
179
What grape varieties are used in Vega Sicilia's benchmark wine, Único?
Tinto del País, Cabernet Sauvignon, and Merlot
## Footnote
Único is often aged for a decade or more in American and French oak barrels.
180
In which year did Vega Sicilia achieve international acclaim at the Barcelona World’s Fair?
1929
181
When did Ribera del Duero achieve DO status?
1982
182
What was the number of wineries in Ribera del Duero when it received DO status?
9 wineries
183
What has happened to the number of wine producers in Ribera del Duero since the 1980s?
It has increased to nearly 300 producers.
184
What types of wines does Ribera del Duero produce?
Reds, whites, rosados, and claretes
Whites must contain at least 75% Albillo Mayor grape.
185
What is the minimum percentage of Tinto del País required in Ribera del Duero reds?
75%
186
Which grape varieties are also cultivated in Ribera del Duero alongside Tinto del País?
Garnacha, Cabernet Sauvignon, and Merlot
187
What are rosados and claretes composed of?
A minimum of 50% authorized red grapes for the area
188
True or False: Vega Sicilia was the only serious producer in Ribera del Duero until the 1980s.
True
189
What is the significance of the year 1980s in Ribera del Duero's history?
Quality, investment, and interest in the region skyrocketed.
190
Fill in the blank: Ribera del Duero's premier grape is _______.
Tinto del País
191
Name two cult wineries of Ribera del Duero
Pingus
Aalto
192
Synonyms for Tempranillo in Castilla y Leon
Tinto Fino
Tinto del Pais
193
What year did Rueda receive its DO?
1980
194
Which grape variety is primarily associated with Rueda?
Verdejo
195
What was the historical issue with the Verdejo grape?
Prone to oxidation
196
Who rejuvenated the Verdejo grape in the 1970s?
Marqués de Riscal
197
What type of wines does Verdejo provide?
Delicate, aromatic wines
198
What is the minimum percentage of Verdejo or Sauvignon required in white wines labeled as Rueda?
50%
199
What other grape varieties may be blended with Verdejo or Sauvignon in Rueda?
* Viura
* Chardonnay
* Viognier
200
Which grape variety dominates the red wines of Rueda?
Tempranillo
201
What is the minimum percentage of red grapes required in rosado wines from Rueda?
50%
202
What are the two styles of Espumoso wines produced in Rueda?
* Rosado
* White
203
What is the minimum percentage of Verdejo or Sauvignon Blanc required in Brut and Brut Nature Espumoso wines?
75%
204
What type of wine is Dorado, and how is it characterized?
Dry fortified, oxidized wine
205
True or False: Dorado wines are commonly encountered outside Spain.
False
206
What has energized the region of Rueda in terms of wine production?
Freshness
207
What types of wines are produced in Toro DO?
Red, white, and rosado wines
## Footnote
Toro DO is known primarily for its red wines.
208
What grape variety must red wines in Toro DO contain at least 75% of?
Tinta de Toro
## Footnote
Alternatively, they can have 85% Garnacha.
209
What is Tinta de Toro a local strain of?
Tempranillo
## Footnote
It ripens easily in hot, dry summers.
210
Which grape varieties are used for white wines in Toro?
Verdejo, Malvasia, Albillo Real, Muscat à Petit Grains
## Footnote
These grapes are used to produce white wines.
211
What are rosado wines in Toro made from?
Blends of red or white grapes
## Footnote
They can include any of the grapes used for red or white wines.
212
Name two top names in the Toro DO appellation.
Fariña and Numanthia-Termes
## Footnote
These producers are well-known in the region.
213
What winery launched by Vega Sicilia is associated with Toro's success?
Bodegas Pintia
## Footnote
This winery has contributed to Toro's recognition.
214
What types of wines does Tierra del Vino de Zamora DO produce?
Red, white, rosado, and clarete wines
## Footnote
Clarete is a lighter rosé wine.
215
What is the minimum percentage of Tempranillo required in red wines from Tierra del Vino de Zamora?
75%
## Footnote
This requirement ensures the characteristic flavor profile.
216
Who founded the Dehesa la Granja estate in Zamora?
Alejándro Fernández of Pesquera
## Footnote
He is a notable figure in the region's wine production.
217
How do Toro and Zamora benefit from their geographical location?
Proximity to Ribera del Duero
## Footnote
This location enhances their wine production potential.
218
What river flows through Arribes DO?
Duero river, flows westward
## Footnote
It plays a significant role in the region's viticulture.
219
Which grape variety reflects the region's proximity to Portugal in Arribes DO?
Rufete
## Footnote
This grape variety is notable in the appellation's vineyards.
220
What white grape varieties are produced in Arribes DO?
Malvasia, Verdejo, Albilla
## Footnote
These varieties are used for white wine production.
221
Where is Cigales DO located?
To the north of Valladolid and northwest of Ribera del Duero
222
What types of wines are principally produced in Cigales DO?
Red wines made from Garnacha Tinta and Tinto del País (Tempranillo)
223
What is Cigales DO particularly noted for?
Rosado and nuevo (primeur) rosado production
224
When was Arlanza DO established?
In 2007
225
Where is Arlanza DO located in relation to Cigales?
To the east of Cigales and directly north of Ribera del Duero
226
What types of wines does Arlanza DO produce?
Reds and whites from Duero Valley and Bordeaux varieties
227
What significant event occurred in Castilla y Leon in 2022?
Received its first DO Pago, Urueña
228
Which DOs were added to Castilla y Leon in 2022?
Abadía-Retuerta and Dehesa Peñalba
229
Fill in the blank: Cigales DO is particularly known for _______ production.
rosado and nuevo (primeur) rosado
230
True or False: Arlanza DO is one of Spain's oldest DOs.
False
231
What is the Catalan name for Catalonia?
Catalunya
## Footnote
Catalonia is known as Catalunya in the Catalan language.
232
What geographical feature separates Catalonia from Roussillon?
The Pyrenees
## Footnote
The Pyrenees is a mountain range that serves as a natural border between Spain and France.
233
In which century did Catalonia and Roussillon split?
17th century
## Footnote
The split occurred when the king of Spain ceded Roussillon to France.
234
What type of wines does Catalonia share a common interest in with Roussillon?
Heavier, fortified and sweet red wines
## Footnote
Both regions have a historical affinity for these types of wines.
235
What does the flag of Catalonia look like?
Red and yellow stripes
## Footnote
The flag symbolizes the intertwined history of Catalonia and Roussillon.
236
What significant winemaking method debuted in Catalonia?
Traditional method sparkling winemaking
## Footnote
This method was introduced to Spain through Catalonia.
237
Who introduced stainless steel fermentation to Spain, and when?
Miguel Torres in the 1960s
## Footnote
Miguel Torres played a key role in modernizing winemaking in Spain.
238
What did René Barbier aim to create in 1979?
A bold new Spanish red wine
## Footnote
He planted his grapes in Catalonia to achieve this goal.
239
What does Catalonia exemplify in terms of winemaking?
The modern face of Spanish winemaking and technological innovation
## Footnote
Catalonia is known for both modern techniques and traditional practices.
240
Despite modernization, what does Catalonia maintain in its winemaking?
A backbone of tradition and older styles
## Footnote
Many wines are produced in the same fashion for generations.
241
What does DOCa stand for in the context of Priorat? When did it become DOCa?
Denominación de Origen Calificada
2009
## Footnote
DOCa is the Spanish designation for a qualified designation of origin, indicating high-quality wine production.
242
What is Priorat named after?
Priorato de Scala Dei
## Footnote
The name derives from a Carthusian monastery founded where a boy had a vision of angels.
243
What types of wine are predominantly produced in Priorat?
Red wine
## Footnote
Some white and rosado wine is produced, but the focus is on red wine.
244
What are the traditional grape varieties of Priorat?
* Garnacha
* Cariñena
## Footnote
These varieties struggle to yield in the challenging schist soils.
245
What is Llicorella?
A mix of black slate and quartzite
## Footnote
It characterizes the best vineyards in Priorat.
246
Who is René Barbier?
A winemaker who started a project in Priorat
## Footnote
He was initially a winemaker for Alvaro Palacios.
247
In what year did René Barbier plant a mix of local and French vines?
1979
## Footnote
This planting was done in the llicorella soils of Gratallops.
248
What was significant about the 1989 wine production in Priorat?
The first cooperative effort producing a single red wine under five labels
## Footnote
This effort helped gain attention for Priorat wines.
249
Name the five original 'Clos' wines of Priorat.
* Clos Mogador
* Clos Dofi
* Clos Erasmus
* Clos de l’Obac
* Clos Martinet
## Footnote
These wines were initially released as vino de mesa.
250
What happened after the 1991 vintage in Priorat?
The project split and wines were produced separately
## Footnote
This led to the development of individual wine brands.
251
Which wineries continue the legacy of the original Clos wines?
* Clos Mogador
* Clos Dofi (Alvaro Palacios)
* Clos Erasmus
* Costers del Siurana (Clos de l'Obac)
* Mas Martinet
OTHERS:
* Vall Llach
* Scala Dei
252
What is the main challenge for grapes in Priorat's climate?
Managing alcohol levels
## Footnote
The warm Mediterranean climate can lead to very high potential alcohol levels.
253
What is 'Vino de Pueblo' in Priorat?
A village category for estate-grown wines
## Footnote
Established in 2009, it includes wines from 12 villages, including Gratallops.
254
What region is almost entirely surrounded by Montsant DO?
Priorat DOQ
Montsant was previously a subzone of Tarragona until 2002.
255
Which grape varieties are dominant in Priorat and Montsant?
Garnacha and Cariñena
## Footnote
These varieties are significant in the wine production of both regions.
256
What is the historical style of wines produced in Tarragona?
Fortified rancio or mistela
## Footnote
Mistela is the Spanish version of vin de liqueur.
257
What has happened to much of the vineyard area in Tarragona today?
Converted to white varieties for Cava
## Footnote
Old styles of Tarragona wines are still made in small quantities.
258
What represents the most substantial market for Tarragona’s wines?
Communion wines for Christian churches
## Footnote
This market has become significant compared to other wine sales.
259
Which DO is located to the southwest of Tarragona?
Terra Alta DO
## Footnote
Terra Alta is known for its unique wine production characteristics.
260
What is the relationship between Conca de Barberà DO and Tarragona?
Conca de Barberà DO is adjacent to northern Tarragona
## Footnote
This geographical proximity influences their wine markets.
261
What subzones does Costers del Segre DO encompass?
*Pallars Jussà
*Artesa de Segre
*Valls del Riucorb
*Segrià
*Garrigues
*Urgell
*Raimat
262
What is notable about Raimat subzone?
Houses an estate integral to the formation of the zone
The estate was established by Manuel Raventós in 1914.
263
What did Manuel Raventós do in 1914?
Purchased arid, infertile land for his Raïmat estate
This was a strategic move for future agricultural development.
264
What transformation occurred over sixty years after Raventós purchased the land?
The estate produced its first commercial vintage
This was a result of canal construction and agricultural restoration.
265
What is the Penedès DO located northeast of?
Tarragona
266
What are the three altitude zones of Penedès?
* Baix-Penedès
* Medio-Penedès
* Alt-Penedès
267
Which altitude zone in Penedès is known as one of Europe’s highest altitude winegrowing regions?
Alt-Penedès
268
What is the principal grape used in the Cava sparkling blend cultivated in Alt-Penedès?
Parellada
269
What percentage of Cava is produced in the Penedès region?
95%
270
List the five authorized white grapes for Cava.
* Parellada
* Xarel-lo
* Macabéo (Macabeu)
* Malvasía
* Chardonnay
271
Which grape thrives in the Medio-Penedès?
Ull de Llebre (Tempranillo)
272
What types of grapes are planted in the lower vineyards of Baix-Penedès?
* Garnacha (Garnatxa)
* Monastrell
273
What type of wines are produced from the sturdier Mediterranean red grapes in Baix-Penedès?
High-alcohol red and rosado wines
274
Which historical grape variety is being perpetuated by Vega de Ribes and Hospital de Sant Joan Baptista?
Malvasía de Sitges
275
What status did Malvasía de Sitges recently receive to help ensure its survival?
Slow Food 'presidia' status
276
What type of wine is Malvasía de Sitges classified as?
Sweet fortified wine
277
What has replaced the sweet fortified reds in Baix-Penedès?
High-alcohol red and rosado wines
278
True or False: The Cava DO is separate from the Penedès DO.
True
279
Where is the birthplace of Cava located?
Sant Sadurní d’Anoia in the Alt-Penedès
280
Who introduced método tradicional sparkling winemaking to Spain and in what year?
Jose Raventós of Codorníu in 1872
281
Which house is the largest producer of sparkling wines?
Freixenet
282
What are the grapes allowed for Cava DO wines?
* Parellada
* Xarel-lo
* Macabeu
* Chardonnay
* Pinot Noir
* Garnacha Tinta
* Monastrell
* Trepat
* Malvasia (Subirat)
283
What are the recommended grapes for the traditional blend of Cava?
* Macabeu
* Xarel-lo
* Parellada
284
How long do Cava wines require on the lees at the Cava de Guarda level?
Nine months
285
What is the aging requirement for Cava de Guarda Superior reserva?
Eighteen months
286
What is the aging requirement for Cava de Guarda Superior gran reserva?
Thirty months
287
What does Cava DO represent in terms of Spanish wine classification?
The only Spanish Denominación de Origen that covers a style, rather than a region
288
What coincided with the mapping of Cava production regions in Spain?
The vineyards of many producers throughout Spain who were already making the wine
289
What flavor characteristics do better Cava sparklers made from traditional grapes have?
Slightly earthy and citrus-tinged
290
Which grapes are better suited for lengthier lees aging and flavors of autolysis?
* Chardonnay
* Pinot Noir
291
How can bottles of Cava be identified?
By the mark of a four-pointed star imprinted on the cork
292
What is the Alella DO known for?
Xarel-lo, known locally as Pansà Blanca, contributes to still dry white wines and Cava blends
## Footnote
Alella DO is located to the northeast of Penedès.
293
Where is the Empordà DO located?
Northeastern corner of Spain, bordering Banyuls in Roussillon
## Footnote
It focuses on Cariñena rosados.
294
What types of grapes are successful in Empordà DO?
Cariñena, Garnacha, and international varieties
## Footnote
The region has a focus on rosados.
295
What is the significance of Pla de Bages?
A newer DO to the northwest of Penedès, named after Bacchus, the Roman god of wine
## Footnote
It features similar grapes to other regions.
296
What does the Catalunya DO encompass?
The entire autonomía, covering wineries not included in specific DO zones
## Footnote
It allows more freedom of blending and expression.
297
What is the relationship between the Balearic Islands and Catalan culture?
The Balearic Islands are closely associated with Catalan culture
## Footnote
This chain is located off the coast of Catalonia.
298
Which two DO zones exist in the Balearic Islands?
Pla i Llevant and Binissalem Mallorca
## Footnote
They produce wines from a range of international and indigenous grapes.
299
Name two indigenous grapes produced in the Balearic Islands.
Manto Negro and Moll (Prensal Blanc)
## Footnote
These are part of the wines produced in the DO zones.
300
Which regions in Southern Spain produce wine?
Murcia, Valencia, Castilla-La Mancha, Madrid, Extremadura, Andalucía
## Footnote
These regions encompass the Levant region on the eastern coast and the southern portion of the central Meseta.
301
What is the capital city of the autonomía of Valencia?
Valencia
## Footnote
Valencia is also Spain's third largest city.
302
What is the focus of wine production in the DO zone of Valencia?
White wines produced from the local Merseguera grape and other varieties
## Footnote
The region is better known for its oranges and paella.
303
What styles of wines are produced in Alicante DO?
Sweet wines. Local specialty is Fondillon
304
What is Fondillón?
A solera-style, oxidative dessert wine produced from overripe Monastrell grapes aged for a minimum of ten years
## Footnote
Unlike Sherry, Fondillón is not fortified and carries the flavor of wood.
305
What grape is primarily used in Utiel-Requena DO red wines?
Bobal
## Footnote
Doble pasta is a traditional style of winemaking in this region.
306
What is the traditional winemaking method used in Doble Pasta wines?
Macerated and fermented with twice the normal amount of grape skins and pulp
## Footnote
This results in a wine of intense concentration, tannin, and color.
307
Which DO zones are located in the autonomía of Murcia?
Jumilla, Yecla, Bullas
## Footnote
These regions focus on the cultivation of drought-resistant grapes.
308
What grape variety has over 80% of the vineyards in Jumilla?
Monastrell
## Footnote
The region's reds and rosados are known for their quality.
309
True or False: Jumilla's sandy soils were affected by phylloxera in the 1980s.
True. Sandy soils of Jumilla resisted Phylloxera for 100 years after which it entered the region.
## Footnote
The vineyard decimation led to a refocus on Monastrell cultivation.
310
What percentage of Jumilla's output is now represented by reds and rosados?
Over 95%
## Footnote
White grapes perform less effectively in Jumilla's climate.
311
Fill in the blank: The other DO zones within the autonomía of Valencia are _______ and _______.
Alicante, Utiel-Requena
## Footnote
Both regions have their own unique wine styles.
312
What is La Mancha DO known for?
Europe’s largest single demarcated wine region
## Footnote
La Mancha DO lies within the Castilla-La Mancha autonomía.
313
Which two principal grapes thrive in La Mancha’s environment?
Cencibel (Tempranillo) and Airén
## Footnote
These grapes perform well in the hot, dry climate of La Mancha.
314
What is the significance of Airén in the context of global grape planting?
Until recently claimed more acreage than any other white grape in the world
## Footnote
This was due to low-density plantings in La Mancha.
315
What is the current status of Airén in terms of planting?
Second most planted grape, after Chardonnay, and remains on the decline
## Footnote
A significant amount of the harvest is used for distillation.
316
What grape variety does Cencibel correspond to?
Tempranillo
## Footnote
Cencibel is the local name for Tempranillo in La Mancha.
317
Which estate in Méntrida DO planted international grape varieties?
Marqués de Griñon estate
## Footnote
They planted Cabernet Sauvignon, Petit Verdot, Syrah, and Merlot.
318
What controversial practice did Marqués de Griñon adopt?
Illegal practice of drip irrigation
## Footnote
This led to the production of modern, concentrated wines as vino de mesa.
319
In what year did Marqués de Griñon receive an estate appellation (DO Pago) ?
2003
They were granted DO Pago Dominio de Valdepusa.
320
Which filmmaker's estate received an appellation in 2003?
Manuel Manzaneque
His estate received DO Pago Finca Élez.
321
What year was the DO Pago Guijoso established?
2005
## Footnote
This was one of the first DO Pago estates to be recognized.
322
Name two DO Pago estates established in 2006.
Dehesa del Carrizal and Campo de la Guardia
## Footnote
Both were recognized in 2006.
323
What years did Casa del Blanco and Calzadilla receive DO Pago status?
2010 and 2011
## Footnote
They were among the later additions to the DO Pago estates.
324
What new DO Pago estates were approved in 2019?
DO Pagos Vallegarcía, La Jaraba, and Los Cerrillos
## Footnote
These additions expanded the DO Pago designations.
325
What was the newest addition to DO Pago status in 2024?
Rosalejo
## Footnote
This estate became the latest addition in the area.
326
What do the Castilla-La Mancha pagos implement in their wine production?
An international blend in pursuit of wines of 'expression'.
327
Which estate has the longest history among the Castilla-La Mancha pagos?
Marqués de Griñon, founded in 1973.
328
Who are the notable figures associated with Marqués de Griñon?
Michel Rolland and Émile Peynaud.
329
What is the approach of Marqués de Griñon in positioning itself in Spain’s quality ladder?
Incorporating money and modern methodology for quick pursuit of concentration, greatness, and expression.
330
True or False: The approach of DO Pago proprietors is typically aligned with Old World methodologies.
False.
331
What grape is primarily relied upon by producers in Almansa DO for reds?
Garnacha Tintorera
## Footnote
Garnacha Tintorera is a teinturier grape, characterized by red-pigmented juice.
332
Which DO is located to the north of Almansa and features Bobal as the chief grape?
Manchuela DO
## Footnote
Manchuela bridges the Levant and La Mancha.
333
What is the geographical relationship between Ribera del Júcar DO and La Mancha?
Ribera del Júcar DO is located between Manchuela and La Mancha
## Footnote
It was a subzone of La Mancha until it received its own DO status in 2003.
334
When did Valdepeñas DO receive formal recognition?
1932
## Footnote
Valdepeñas is known as the 'valley of rocks' and received recognition over forty years earlier than La Mancha.
335
What is the most planted grape in Valdepeñas DO?
Airén
## Footnote
Cencibel is the second most planted grape in this region.
336
How does the chalk bedrock in Valdepeñas benefit the vines?
It provides better retention of water
## Footnote
This is particularly important in the arid environment of the region.
337
What types of wines can be produced from Cencibel in Valdepeñas?
Reserva and gran reserva wines
## Footnote
These wines can be of excellent quality, especially from specific sectors like Los Llanos and Las Aberturas.
338
What red varieties does Uclés DO focus on?
Cencibel, Garnacha, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, and Syrah
## Footnote
Uclés DO is a newer designation with a promising start.
339
What types of wines are also produced in Uclés DO apart from red varieties?
White wines, sparkling wines, and sweet, dulce wines
## Footnote
This diversity indicates a broad range of production in the region.
340
What is the age requirement for vines bearing red grapes in Uclés DO before harvesting?
Sixth year
## Footnote
Mature vines are categorized into three age categories, with maximum yields decreasing as the vine ages.
341
What types of wines are permitted in Mondéjar DO?
Wines of all three colors from Cencibel, Cabernet Sauvignon, Macabéo, and the white Malvar grape.
## Footnote
Mondéjar DO allows the production of red, white, and rosé wines.
342
What are the four areas that comprise Vinos de Madrid DO?
San Martín de Valdeiglesias, Navalcarnero, Arganda, and el Molar.
## Footnote
These areas are noncontiguous zones around the capital city of Madrid.
343
Which grape varieties are widely planted in Vinos de Madrid DO?
Airén, Malvar, Tinto Fino, and Negra de Madrid (Garnacha).
## Footnote
These varieties contribute to the local wine production.
344
Where is Ribera del Guadiana DO located?
To the southwest of Madrid and Méntrida, in the Extremadura autonomía.
## Footnote
It is the only DO in the Extremadura region.
345
How many subzones are contained within Ribera del Guadiana DO?
Six subzones.
## Footnote
The subzones are Ribera Alta de Guadiana, Ribera Baja de Guadiana, Matanegra, Cañamero, Montánchez, and Tierra de Barros.
346
What is notable about the harvest in Ribera del Guadiana?
Much of the region’s large harvest ends up in the copper stills of Jerez.
## Footnote
This indicates a focus on distillation rather than solely wine production.
347
What is Tierra de Barros known for?
Encompasses nearly 80% of the DO and is the home of Bodegas Inviosa.
## Footnote
Bodegas Inviosa is key in promoting the region’s wines.
348
What unique product does Bodegas Inviosa produce?
The only producer of Cava in southwestern Spain.
## Footnote
Cava is a sparkling wine that is traditionally produced in Catalonia.
349
What gastronomic contributions is Ribera del Guadiana known for?
Jamón serrano and jamón ibérico.
## Footnote
These are highly regarded Spanish hams, with jamón ibérico being particularly expensive.
350
What are the DO zones included in Andalucía?
Granada, Málaga, Sierras de Málaga, Montilla-Moriles, Condado de Huelva, Jerez-Xérès-Sherry, Manzanilla Sanlúcar de Barrameda
## Footnote
DO stands for Denominación de Origen, which indicates the origin of the wines produced in these regions.
351
What cultural stereotypes are often associated with Andalucía?
Bullfighting, flamenco, authentic gazpacho
## Footnote
These stereotypes often characterize all of Spain and reflect the rich cultural heritage of the region.
352
What does the Strait of Gibraltar connect?
Africa and Europe
## Footnote
It has historically served as an important trading route.
353
Which civilizations exerted control over Andalucía before the Moorish conquest?
Phoenicians, Carthaginians, Romans, Vandals, Visigoths, Byzantines
## Footnote
These civilizations had varying degrees of success in controlling the region.
354
What was the significance of the Moors in Andalucía?
Transformed Andalucía into a hub of Mediterranean trade, learning, and culture
## Footnote
They ruled the region until the fall of Granada in 1492.
355
What was Jerez de la Frontera known as in Arabic?
Sherish
## Footnote
This name played a role in a legal case regarding the term Sherry.
356
What event occurred eight months after the fall of Granada in 1492?
Columbus set sail from Andalucía to find his ocean route to the East Indies
## Footnote
This event sparked the race for colonial power and discovery in the Americas.
357
How did the discovery of the Americas affect Spanish wine?
Profound effect on fortified wines of Andalucía and the Canary Islands
## Footnote
These wines, along with Porto and Madeira, supplied the New World.
358
What did Ferdinand Magellan spend more of his budget on than weapons?
Sherry
## Footnote
This highlights the importance of sherry in the context of global exploration.
359
What is the English term for the wines of Jerez?
Sack
## Footnote
This term reflects the historical export of these wines to England.
360
What significant event involving sherry occurred in 1587?
Plunder of nearly 3000 barrels of 'sherris sack' by Admiral Frances Drake
## Footnote
This was part of a preemptive strike against Cádiz.
361
True or False: The Moors ruled Andalucía until 1492.
True
## Footnote
The fall of Granada marked the end of Moorish rule on the Iberian Peninsula.
362
What became incredibly popular in Great Britain over the last three centuries?
Sherry
## Footnote
Sherry was extolled by Samuel Pepys and cited by Shakespeare.
363
Which areas of Andalucía did Jerez bodegas purchase wine stocks from?
* Condado de Huelva
* Montilla-Moriles
## Footnote
These areas helped fill the soleras in Jerez bodegas.
364
What British firms founded bodegas in the 17th and 18th centuries?
* Osbourne
* Garvey
* John Harvey (now Domecq)
## Footnote
These firms contributed to the growth of the Sherry industry.
365
What event in 1894 significantly affected the Sherry industry?
The arrival of phylloxera
## Footnote
This pest, along with increased production of “Sherry” styles in Europe, curtailed the industry.
366
What was established in 1933 that helped Sherry rebound?
Jerez Consejo Regulador and DO status
## Footnote
DO status refers to Denominación de Origen, which is a certification for quality.
367
How many bottles of Sherry was Jerez exporting by 1979?
200 million bottles
## Footnote
Much of this wine was cheap and of questionable quality.
368
What are the two DO zones today for Sherry?
* Jerez-Xérès-Sherry
* Manzanilla-Sanlúcar de Barrameda
## Footnote
These zones share the same vineyards and Consejo Regulador.
369
Which three towns form the 'golden triangle' of Sherry production?
* Jerez de la Frontera
* Sanlúcar de Barrameda
* El Puerto de Santa Maria
## Footnote
All Sherry wines must be shipped from one of these towns.
370
What are the three authorized grapes for Sherry, in descending order of importance?
* Palomino
* Pedro Ximénez
* Moscatel
## Footnote
Palomino is preferred for dry Sherry.
371
What type of soils does Palomino thrive in?
White albariza soils
## Footnote
These soils characterize the best pagos, or vineyards.
372
What characterizes lower-lying vineyards in the Sherry region?
More barros (clay)
## Footnote
These vineyards differ from coastal vineyards, which have sandy soils called arenas.
373
True or False: The fortified sherry wines are produced through a simple process.
False
## Footnote
The production process is one of the most laborious and artisan in the wine world.
374
What region is known for lending its name to the style of Amontillado?
Montilla-Moriles DO
## Footnote
Montilla-Moriles is located to the northeast of Jerez.
375
Which grape is the principal grape of Montilla-Moriles?
Pedro Ximénez (PX)
## Footnote
PX is known for its ability to ripen well in the hot climate of Montilla-Moriles.
376
What is Montilla-Moriles legally barred from using on its labels?
Sherry
## Footnote
Despite producing similar styles, Montilla-Moriles cannot use the term 'Sherry' due to legal restrictions.
377
What types of wines are produced in the style of Sherry in Montilla Moriles?
* Fino
* Oloroso
* Amontillado
## Footnote
These wines can be produced in both fortified and unfortified versions.
378
What is the ideal alcohol strength for flor to survive in Fino sherry?
15.5%
## Footnote
This strength is typically achieved through the natural fermentation of PX grapes.
379
Which types of Montilla Moriles wines are typically fortified?
* Olorosos
* Dessert styles
## Footnote
Fino sherries are usually not fortified.
380
What region is located directly south of Montilla-Moriles?
Málaga DO
## Footnote
Málaga is known for its fortified and sweet wines.
381
What are the principal grapes of the Málaga region?
* Moscatel
* PX
## Footnote
These grapes are used in both fortified and naturally sweet wines.
382
What is the process called where grapes are dried on esparto grass mats?
Soleo
## Footnote
This process can last up to 20 days before fermentation.
383
What are the two types of sweet wines produced in Málaga?
* Naturally sweet wines
* Fortified sweet wines
## Footnote
Naturally sweet wines can be produced from soleo or overripe grapes.
384
How do fortified wines in Málaga retain natural sweetness?
Through the addition of arrope
## Footnote
Arrope is a concentrated grape must used to enhance sweetness.
385
What type of aging do fortified wines in Málaga undergo?
Solera aging in American oak
## Footnote
This aging process contributes to the complexity of the wines.
386
Name the five age categories for Málaga wines.
* Málaga Pálido (no aging requirement)
* Málaga (at least six months in oak)
* Málaga Noble (two to three years)
* Málaga Añejo (three to five years)
* Málaga Trasañejo (minimum five years)
## Footnote
Each category has specific aging requirements that affect the wine's characteristics.
387
What classification is used for table wines from the Málaga region?
Sierras de Málaga DO
## Footnote
This designation is separate from the fortified and sweet wines of the region.
388
What is the geographic distance of the Canary Islands from the Iberian Peninsula?
Nearly 700 miles
389
What is the origin of the Canary Islands?
Volcanic origin
390
What type of climate do the Canary Islands have?
Sub-tropical climate
391
How many DO zones are there in the Canary Islands?
Ten DO zones
392
Which island has five DO zones in the Canary Islands?
Tenerife
393
What are the names of the islands that each have their own DO zone?
* La Palma
* El Hierro
* Gran Canaria
* La Gomera
* Lanzarote
394
What pest has never reached the Canary Islands?
Phylloxera
395
What is a common sight in the Canary Islands due to the absence of Phylloxera?
Century-old vines
396
What grapes are typically used to produce red wines in the Canary Islands?
* Listán Negro
* Negramoll (Tinta Negra)
* Malvasía Rosada
* Listán Prieto (Mission)
397
What grapes may be used to produce white wines in the Canary Islands?
* Malvasía
* Gual
* Forastera Blanca
* Moscatel
* Listán Blanco (Palomino)
398
What type of wine styles have become popular with tourists in the Canary Islands?
Fresh vino joven styles
399
True or False: The fortified wines of the past are still the most popular in the Canary Islands.
False
