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Central Nervous Sys Flashcards

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1
Q

What is alzheimers disease?

A
  • popular dementia
  • due to accumulation of abnormal proteins in brain.
  • leads to spatial skills, memory loss.
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2
Q

What assessments should be carried out for dementia?

A
  • TSH
  • CT Scan
  • Vitamin B12 - Thiamine (especially if they suffer from alcoholism)
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3
Q

What impacts diagnosis of dementia?

A

Can be mimicked by depression or delirium

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4
Q

How many people in the UK suffer from Dementia?

A

80,000

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5
Q

What dies the AUTONOMIC nervous system control?

A

“body senses changes and react to it.”
pressure control
breathing

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6
Q

What does the SOMATIC nervous system control?

A

voluntary actions

“picking up a pen”

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7
Q

DESCRIBE THE BRAIN LAYOUT….

A

Frontal Lobe,Parietal Lobe, Occipital Lobe, Temporal Lobe, Cerebellum, Brain Stem, Spinal Cord

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8
Q

What is the brain lined by?

A

Meninges

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9
Q

What are meninges?

A

Membranes that cover brain
Protective function
Protective function and impact production of cerebrospinal fluid

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of SUBARACHNOID HEAMORRHAGE?

A 
Spontaneous
80% rupture of saccular aneurysm
"Thunderclap headache"
Meningitis like symptoms (pain in neck, photophobia)
Require neurosurgical input.
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11
Q

What are causes of HAEMORRHAGIC events?

A 
hypertension
vascular malformation (berry aneurysum occurs on circle of willis)
neoplasia
trauma
drug abuse
latrogenic (caused by a dr)
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12
Q

What are the TWO main causes of BLEEDS of the brain?

A

hypertension

berry aneuryusm

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13
Q

What are the main causes of HYPOXIA of the brain?

A

blockage of blood vessels by ATHEROMA or EMBOLUS

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14
Q

What are the risk factors for STROKE?

A 
Hypertension
Diabetes
Heart Disease
Previous TIA
Hyperlipidaema
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15
Q

What are the treatment for TIA?

A

anti-platelet therapy (asprin)
control BP
lower cholesterol

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16
Q

What are the chances of having a full STROKE after a TIA?

A

1 in 10 chance within 4 weeks if left untreated

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17
Q

What does tissue survival in brain depend on?

A

collecteral circulation
duration of ischaemia
magnitude and rapidity to flow reduction

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18
Q

What can result from reduce blood flow to brain?

A

generalised
neuronal
dystfunction

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19
Q

How much of blood oxygen consumption does the brain account for?

A

20%

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20
Q

How much RESTING CARDIAC OUTPUT does the brain account for?

A

15%

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21
Q

How much body weight does the brain account for?

A

1-2%

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22
Q

What are the 2 main PATHOLOGICAL PROCESSES that occur during a STROKE OR TIA?

A

HYPOXIA - ischamia & infacrtion due to impaired blood supply/oxygenation
HAEMORRHAGE from CNS vessels

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23
Q

What is the difference between a STROKE and TIA?

A

TIA is shorters, symptoms don’t last as long.

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24
Q

What is a more complex tool for assessing consciousness?

A

Glasgow Coma Scale

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25
What is a basic tool for assessing consciousness?
AVPU- Alert Voice Pain Unresponsive
26
Example of NEUROLOGICAL signs for TEMPORAL LOBE?
``` cortical deafness receptive dysphasia (problem speaking and understanding speech) ```
27
Example of NEUROLOGICAL signs for PARIETAL LOBE?
receptive dysphasia | sensory impairment
28
Example of NEUROLOGICAL signs for FRONTAL LOBE?
Anomsia Inappropiate emotion dysphasia Motor impairment
29
What is the GENERALISED NEUROLOGICAL ABNORMALITY?
Essentially an alteration in level of consciousness. | eg. global response
30
What are FOCAL NEUROLOGICAL SIGNS?
set of symptoms or signs in which causality can be localized to an automic site in the central nervous system
31
What are the 5 MAIN parts of the BRAIN STEM?
``` midbrain pons medulla basilar artery vertebral atery ```
32
What are the two areas of SPEECH & Language?
BROCA AREA - frontal lobe, responsible for sppech production. WERNICKE AREA - speech processing and comprehensive written and spoken language
33
Where in the brain is 'SPEECH & LANGUAGE' controlled?
TEMPORTAL & FRONTAL
34
What is the post & pre central gyrus? & why is it important?
PRE = motor PRO = sensing has different terrories showing areas of brain of sens and motor
35
What is the function of brain stem?
body basics - regulation the body such as BP
36
What is the function of CEREBELLUM?
Co-ordinate movement
37
What is the function of TEMPORAL LOBE?
Language
38
What is the function of OCCIPITAL LOBE?
Vision
39
What is the function of PARIETAL LOBE?
Movement
40
What is the function of FRONTAL LOBE?
Planning
41
What are the SUPPORTING cells in the CSN called?
Glial Cells
42
What is the purpose of Neurons?
do the thinking process
43
What is the purpose of the Spinal Cord?
communication of motor & sensory function between brain and peripheral ns
44
What is the structure of the Spinal Cord?
8 - CERVICAL (top) 12 - THORACIC (middle) 5 - LUMBAR (bottom) 5 - SACRUM (bum)
45
What happens if the tissue/fluid pressure in skull increases?
Intracranial pressure rises | resulting in HERINIATION where part of the brain moves from one compartment of the skull to another
46
What does the brain not have?
Lympth Vessels
47
What is the Circle of Wilis?
regulates blood supply in the brain complex system sits posterior at front of brain stem often site for annyresum & bleeds
48
What is the blood supply of the brain regulated by?
Circle of Wilis
49
What are the 3 forms of MENINGES?
duramater arachnoid pia mater
50
What are the symptoms of Brain Tumours?
``` headaches seizures cognitives or behaviour changes vomiting altered conciousness ```
51
What is the treatment fir Parkinson?
MDT APPROACH LCOPA eg Madopar Anticholinergic Drugs- orphenadrine
52
What is the name of the drug that induces Parkinson?
HALOPERIDOL
53
What is Parkinson disease?
movement disorder
54
How can brain abscess spread?
via blood
55
What are the symptoms of Brain Abcess?
headaches temp seizurs
56
What are the symptoms of Meningitis?
Early Symp - headache, cold hands and feet, pyrexia | Late Symp - Neck stiffness, photophobia, kernig sign, non-blanching rash, siezures
57
An example of a FOCAL INFECTION?
Abscess
58
An example of a DIFFUSE INFECTION?
Meningitis
59
What is EPILEPSY?
recurrent tendancy to spontaneous, intermittent abnormal electrical inpart of brain manifest as seizures
60
How many people in UK have strokes?
130,000

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