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Heart & Blood Vessells Flashcards

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1
Q

What is another name for CARDIAC DISEASE?

A

Heart Disease

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2
Q

What is another name for BLOOD VESSEL DISEASE?

A

Vascular Disease

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3
Q

What is another name for a disease present from birth?

A

Congenital cardiovascular disease

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4
Q

What are examples of CARDIAC DISEASE?

A 
Ischameia & MI
Cardiac Failure
Valvular Heart Disease
Pericarditis
Myocarditis
Ususual cardiac disease
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5
Q

What are examples of VASCULAR DISEASE?

A
  • Atherosclerosis
  • Aneurysms
  • Hypertension
  • Diabetic Vscular Disease
  • Vien Disease
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6
Q

What is CARDIAC FAILURE?

A

heart unable to pump blood @ rate required for normal functioning

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7
Q

What happens when the heart does not pump as effectively as it should?

A

oedema

triedness

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8
Q

What are the causes of CARDIAC FAILURE?

A 
ischamic heart disease
hypertensions
valvar heart disease
arrhymias
congenital heart
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9
Q

What are the symptoms of CARDIAC FAILURE?

A 
SOB
Fatigue
fluid in lungs
excessive, fluid-filled viens
(systemic venous congestion & odema
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10
Q

What is the treatment of Cardiac Failure?

A

treat underlying cause

there are a range of medicines

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11
Q

What does a valve do?

A

Valve regulates flow in one direction only.

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12
Q

What are the valvular heart disease mechanisms?

A
  • stenosis
  • incompetence/regurgitation
  • vegetations
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13
Q

What is STENOSIS?

A

failure to open completely impending forward flow.

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14
Q

What is incompetence/regurgitation?

A

failure to close, allowing reserve flow

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15
Q

What can vegetations result from?

A

infective endocarditis & rheumatic fever

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16
Q

What can cause valvular regurgitation?

A

result from disease of cusps but also damage to supporting structures

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17
Q

What can cause stenosis?

A

primary valve cusp abnormality

chronic process

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18
Q

What is the most common valvular heart disease?

A

stenosis of the aortic & mitral valves

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19
Q

What are underlying causes of valvular heart disease?

A
  • infection
  • calcific aortic valve
  • age related
  • carcinoid syn
  • fibrosis & muscle rup
  • heart failure
  • hypertension
  • congenital
  • IV DRUG use
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20
Q

What is the PATHOLOGICAL CAUSE of MITRAL STENOSIS?

A

rheumatic fever

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21
Q

What are the clinical features of MITRAL STENOSIS?

A

pulmonary hypertension
L artieral & R vent hypertrophy
Murmur

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22
Q

What are the Pathological Cause of MITRAL STENOSIS?

A

rheumatic fever
dilation of mitral valve
degeneration of valve casp
papillary muscle fibrosis & dystfunction

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23
Q

What are the CLINICAL FEATURES of MITRAL INCOMP?

A

Murmur

Variable haemodynamic effect

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24
Q

What are the PATHOLOGICAL CAUSE of Aortic stenosis?

A

calcium degeneration

rheumatic fever

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25
What is the treatment of CARDIAC FAILURE?
treat underlying cause | there are a range of medicines
26
What does a valve do?
valve regulates flow in one direction only.
27
What are the valvular heart disease mechanisms?
stenosis incompetence/regurgitation vegetations
28
What is STENOSIS?
failure to open completely, inpending forward flow
29
What is incompetence/regurgitation?
failure to close, allowing reserve flow.
30
What can vegetations result from?
Infective endocarditis & rheumatic fever
31
What can cause valvular regurgitation?
result from disease of cusps but also damage to supporting structures
32
What can cause STENOSIS?
primary valve cusp abnormality | -chronic process
33
What is the most common valvular heart disease?
stenosis of the aortic & mitral valves
34
What are underlying causes of valvular heart disease?
- infection - calcific aortic valve - age-related - carcinoid syn - fibrosis & muscle rup - heart failure - hypertension - congenital - iv drug use
35
What is the PATHOLOGICAL CAUSE of MITRAL STENOSIS?
rheumatic fever
36
What are the CLINICAL FEATURES of MITRAL STENOSIS?
pulmonary hypertension l artrial & r vent hypertrophy murmur
37
What are the pathological cause of MITRAL STENOSIS?
rheumatic fever dilation of MITRAL VALVE degeneration of valve casp papillary muscle fibrosis & dysfunction
38
What are the clinical features of mitral incomp?
murmur | variable haemodynamic effect
39
What are the clinical features of aortic stenosis?
``` murmur l ventricular hypertrophy angina suncope l ventricle failure sudden death ```
40
What are the PATHOLOGICAL causes of AORTIC INCOMPETENCE?
rheumatic fever dilation of aortic root rheumatological disorders
41
What are the clinical features of Aortic incompetence?
mumur collapsing pulse angina l - ventricular failure
42
What are the pathological causes of endocarditis?
``` rheumaticdis bacteria prosthetic heart valvue calcific valve disease IV drug use ```
43
What are the clinical features of endocarditis?
``` malaise clubbing cardiac murmurs and failures arthralagia pyrexia skin lesions splenomegaly haematuria ```
44
What are the symptoms of valvular heat disease?
``` differ with the site stroke arrhythmias ventricular hypertrophy angina suncope heart failure infarct to the kidneys ```
45
What is Endocarditis?
when lining becomes increased inflammed
46
Where does Streptocci affect?
Abnormal valves, such as dental extraction, cleaning, bronchoscopy
47
What does STAPH AUREUS affect?
normal values, usually IV drug users
48
What are the clinical presentations of vegetations?
sepsis heart failure new murmur
49
What are the types of pericarditis & myocarditis?
acute | chronic
50
What are the symtpoms of pericarditis & myocarditis?
chest pain | cardiac failure
51
What are the treatment for pericarditis & myocarditis?
ant-inflame drugs | surgical excisions
52
What are the causes of pericarditis & myocarditis?
``` viral bacterial parasitic TB Uraemia ```
53
What is CARDIO MYOPATHY?
Disease of heart muscle
54
What is cardiac dilation?
process of expansion & stretching
55
What are the clinical features of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
``` SOB Chest Pain Palpitation Sudden Death ArtrialF ibulation ```
56
What are aneurysms?
localised permanent abnormal dilation of a blood vessel
57
What are causes of aneurysms?
``` age atherosclerosis hypertension diabetes autoimmue disease syphilis ```
58
Whata re the treatment of aneurysums?
stents surgery reducing arterial pressure
59
What is the site of aneurysm of Atherosclerotic?
lower abdo & liac arteries
60
What is the site of aneurysm for aortic dissection?
Aorta | & major branches
61
What is the site of Berry anenrysm?
circle of wilis
62
What is the site of micro aneruysm?
intracerebral | capillaries
63
What is the site of syphilitic aneurysm
ascending & arch of aorta
64
What is the site of a mycotic aneurysm?
root of aorta & any vessel
65
What are the classification of hypertension?
benign hypertension | malignant hypertension
66
What are the secondary hypertension causes?
Renal Endocrine Vascular Neurogenic
67
What are the complications of hypertension?
``` blood vessels heart kidney eyes brain ```
68
What are the complication of diabetic vascular disease?
gangrene renal failure blindness
69
What is venous thrombosis?
normal venous retrun is impleded predisposes to thrombosis
70
What are the causes venous thrombosis?
``` immobility malignancy pregnancy & child birth ostrogens IV cannulas ```
71
What are the causes of VARICOSITES?
incompetent valves in legs stasis oedema fibrin

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