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A&P Exam 5 > Central Nervous System > Flashcards

Central Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

This very complex system spans across several different anatomical regions and
physiologically influences almost every _____ throughout the body

A

tissue

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2
Q

The surface layer of the cerebral cortex forms ridges called ____, which are separated by folds or grooves called ____

A

Gyri; Sulci

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3
Q

The _____ sulcus is the border
between the frontal and
parietal lobes

A

Central

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4
Q

The _____ sulcus separates the frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal lobe

A

Lateral Sulcus (Sylvian
Fissure)

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5
Q

The Longitudinal Fissure, sometimes called the ______, is a large division that separates the two hemispheres of the brain

A

Superior Sagittal Sulcus

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6
Q

Three parts of the Brainstem

A
  • The Midbrain (also known as the mesencephalon) is at the junction of the middle and posterior cranial fossae.
    – The Pons is the middle part and sits anterior to the cerebellum.
    – The Medulla Oblongata is the lower part, connects to the spinal cord
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7
Q

The _____ are protective coverings that consist of the external fibrous Dura
Mater, the thin intermediate Arachnoid Mater, and the delicate inner Pia Mater.

A

Meninges

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8
Q

The cranial meninges are continuous with the _____ of the spinal cord

A

meninges

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9
Q

Three parts of the meninges

A

Dura Mater
Arachnoid Mater
Pia Mater

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10
Q

The Dura Mater has two layers

A
  • The Periosteal Layer is adherent to the internal surface of the cranium.
    – The Meningeal Layer is adherent to the Periosteal Layer, except in a few key places where they separate to form important structures
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11
Q

The Periosteal Layer ends at the ____ and is not continuous with the spinal cord dura.

A

Foramen Magnum

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12
Q

The inner Meningeal Layer of the Dura also provides sheaths for the _____

A

cranial nerves

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13
Q

The Arachnoid Mater is a thin, ___, fibrous layer underlying the meningeal layer of the Dura

A

avascular

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14
Q

The _____, which is a thin,
highly vascular layer that tightly adheres
to the surface of the brain and follows its
contours

A

Pia Mater

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15
Q

The _____ is a potential space between the cranium and the dura

A

Epidural Space (epidural hematomas happen here)

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16
Q

The _____ is a potential space
between the dura and the arachnoid.

A

Subdural Space

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17
Q

The Arachnoid Mater is a thin, avascular, fibrous layer underlying the meningeal layer of the Dura, being pushed against the Dura by the cerebrospinal fluid found in the ______

A

Subarachnoid Space

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18
Q

The _____ is a vertical wall between the right and left cerebral hemispheres, attaching anteriorly at the crista galli and following the Sagittal Suture of the skull.

A

Falx Cerebri

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19
Q

The _____ is a small vertical partition between the cerebellar hemispheres

A

Falx Cerebelli

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20
Q

The _____ is a horizontal continuation of the Falx residing above the cerebellum

A

Tentorium Cerebelli

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21
Q

The Tentorium separates the_____ from the ____ in the posterior cranial fossa

A

occipital lobes of the cerebrum; cerebellar hemispheres

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22
Q

What matter is found more deep in the brain and more superficial in the spinal cord

A

White matter

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23
Q

_____ is the primarily the outer layer of the cerebral cortex and consists of aggregations of neuronal cell bodies

A

Gray Matter

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24
Q

_____ consists of the neuronal axons that are coated with myelin
sheath

A

White Matter

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25
The ____ is an important gray matter cortical structure that contains the cell bodies of upper motorneurons
Precentral Gyrus
26
The _____ is an important gray matter cortical structure that contains the cell bodies of somatosensory neurons.
Postcentral Gyrus
27
Neurons within the Paracentral Lobule correspond with motor and sensory function of the ______
lower extremities.
28
The Motor Homunculus and Sensory Homunculus are very similar and are _____ representations of the distributions and number of neurons dedicated to different body parts.
topographical
29
The _____ is an important white matter tract within each hemisphere that carries information into an out of the cerebral cortex.
Internal Capsule
30
The ______ is a strip of cerebral cortex located in the inferomedial cerebral hemispheres, deep in the longitudinal fissure
Cingulate Gyrus
31
The Cingulate Cortex is considered part of the Limbic System and plays a role in _____
emotion formation, emotional processing, memory, learning, and autonomic responses
32
The _____ is a thick band of myelinated axons that connect the right and left cerebral hemispheres.
Corpus Callosum
33
There are four main parts to the corpus callosum: _____
Rostrum, Genu, Body, and Splenium
34
The ______ is another thick band of axons that is a major outflow tract of the hippocampus and is part of the limbic system
Fornix
35
The inferomedial gyrus of the temporal lobes is called the ______ and is a cortical region that surrounds and houses the Hippocampus
Parahippocampal Gyrus
36
Part of the Limbic System, this structure is vitally important for memory encoding and retrieval.
Parahippocampal Gyrus
37
The anteromedial tip of the Parahippocampal Gyrus is called the ____
Uncus (Uncal herniation happens here)
38
The only Temporal Lobe gyri that run in a medial-lateral direction
Transverse Temporal Gyri
39
The _____ is a portion of the Parietal Lobe in the anterolateral area, near to the Temporal Lobe
Angular Gyrus
40
The angular gyrus makes meaning out of visually perceived words by working with ____
Wernicke’s area (the speech reception center of the brain)
41
The Inferior Frontal Gyri have multiple important functions, including the _____ (in Broca’s Area).
processing/production of speech and language
42
Broca’s Area and Wernicke’s Area are connected with a white matter tract known as the _____.
Arcuate Fasciculus
43
The _____ are a group of strongly interconnected deep gray matter structures that play a large role in _____
Basal Ganglia; initiation of smooth voluntary movements and control of postural adjustments associated with voluntary movements
44
The ____ is a comma-shaped region of deep gray matter that runs along the lateral wall of the lateral ventricle
Caudate Nucleus
45
The ____ is the most lateral deep gray matter in the Lentiform Nucleus
Putamen
46
The _____ is located between the Putamen and the Internal Capsule, and has lateral and medial segments.
Globus Pallidus
47
The _____ is the largest nuclear mass of the midbrain, composed of neuronal cells that contain melanin, resulting in a darker color of the nucleus.
Substantia Nigra
48
The ____ reside on the inferior surface of the hypothalamus
Mammillary Bodies
49
Two parts of the Diencephalon
Thalamus Hypothalamus
50
The ____ is a collection of small nuclei that have various metabolic functions, including endocrine
Hypothalamus
51
Superior Colliculi of the quadrigeminal plate/tectum & their function
Use visual input to help direct tracking objects in the visual fields, participating in a number of rapid visual reflexes with nearby cranial nerves to the eye
52
Inferior colliculi of the quadrigeminal plate/tectum
act as a primary auditory relay center for the brain. Appears to channel almost all auditory signals and plays a role in frequency recognition, pitch discrimination, and the startle response to large, sudden sounds
53
The brain and spinal cord are suspended in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which is produced by the _____, vascular complexes in the Ventricular System
Choroid Plexus
54
_____ are separated by a thin Septum Pellucidum
The two Lateral Ventricles
55
The Third Ventricle resides between the thalami and hypothalami, then drains via the _____, that passes through the midbrain
Cerebral Aqueduct
56
The _____ collects the CSF from the Cerebral Aqueduct and resides between the Pons and the Cerebellum.
Fourth Ventricle
57
CSF drains from the Fourth Ventricle via two _____ and one _____
Lateral Apertures (of Luschka); Median Aperture (of Magendie)
58
When CSF leaves the ventricles via the Median and Lateral Apertures, it enters the _____ and _____
subarachnoid space; subarachnoid cisterns
59
The Internal Carotids supply the ____ cerebral circulation, while the Vertebrals supply the _____ cerebral circulation
anterior; posterior
60
There is a highly important anastomosis in the brain called the Cerebral Arterial Circle, or the ______
Circle of Willis
61
The Circle of Willis is a common place for _____ to form
Berry Aneurysms (Cerebral aneurysms)
62
The Vertebral Arteries enter the skull through the Foramen Magnum and give off an early branch called the ______,
Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery
63
The Basilar artery produces these 3 arteries: _____
Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Arteries, the Pontine Arteries, and the Superior Cerebellar Arteries
64
The Basilar Artery terminates by bifurcating into the two _____
Posterior Cerebral Arteries
65
The cerebral part of the Internal Carotids terminate by bifurcating into the smaller _____ and the larger _____
Anterior Cerebral Arteries; Middle Cerebral Arteries
66
What arteries complete the circle of willis?
Posterior Communicating Arteries connect the anterior and posterior cerebral circulations by connecting the Posterior Cerebral Arteries to the Internal Carotids, thereby completing the “Circle.
67
MCA strokes often cause contralateral hemiparesis worse in the _____, dysarthria, and aphasia
arm and face,
68
ACA strokes cause contralateral hemiparesis worse in ____ and confusion.
the leg
69
____ strokes often cause visual deficits, confusion, and memory loss
PCA
70
Most of the large veins of the brain, skull, orbit, and inner ear drain through ______ that are created by the separation of the periosteal and meningeal layers of the dura
Dural Venous Sinuses
71
The Superior Sagittal Sinus and Straight Sinus meet at the _____ near the occipital pole
Confluence of the Sinuses
72
As the sinuses exit the jugular foramen, they become the ______
Internal Jugular Veins
73
_____ drain the lateral hemispheres and empty into the cavernous sinuses.
Middle Cerebral Veins
74
____ drain the diencephalon and other deep structures
Internal Cerebral Veins
75
The Great Cerebral Vein merges with the Inferior Sagittal Sinus to form the ____
Straight Sinus
76
Cerebrospinal Fluid also drains through this system of ______
Dural Venous Sinuses
77
The spinal cord descends within the vertebral canal and terminates at the ____ adjacent to the ____vertebra
Conus Medullaris; L1
78
The Cervical Enlargement at ____ is related to the Brachial Plexus, which innervates the upper extremities
C4-T1
79
The Lumbosacral Enlargement at ____ is related to the Lumbosacral Plexus, which innervates the lower extremities.
T11-S1
80
A thin cord of Pia Mater called the _____ extends off the Conus Medullaris and attaches at the distal spine, tethering the cord down
Filum Terminale
81
The spinal cord consists of ___ Spinal Segments, each of which corresponds with a Spinal Nerve bilaterally and innervates a specific area of the trunk or limbs
31
82
The _____ is a transverse white matter tract that relates to transmission of pain sensation
Anterior White Commissure
83
The Posterior Horn of the Gray Matter of the spinal cord contains cell bodies related to _____.
sensation
84
The _____ of the spinal cord contains the cell bodies of the lower motor neurons
Anterior Horn
85
The ____ is present from about T1 to L1 spinal segments and contains the cell bodies of Preganglionic Sympathetic Neurons.
Intermediolateral Horn
86
____ are very small and delicate extensions of Pia Mater that come off the spinal cord and attach laterally to the inside of the Dura, providing lateral support
Denticulate Ligaments
87
What encases the proximal area of the spinal nerve roots?
Dura of the spinal column

A&P Exam 5 (6 decks)

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