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A&P Exam 5 > Vertebral column and muscles > Flashcards

Vertebral column and muscles Flashcards

1
Q

Healthy spines are characterized by ____ in the cervical and lumbar spines, and ____ in the thoracic spine and sacrum.

A

Lordosis; Kyphosis

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2
Q

The vertebral column is comprised of ____ vertebrae and the intervening intervertebral discs.

A

33

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3
Q

_ cervical vertebrae (C__-C__)

A

7 (C1-C7)

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4
Q

___ thoracic vertebrae (T1-T__)

A

12 (T1-T12)

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5
Q

__ lumbar vertebrae (L1-L__)

A

5 (L1-L5)

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6
Q

_ sacral vertebrae (S1-S_, which are fused into one)

A

5 (S1-S5)

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7
Q

___ coccygeal vertebrae (small, fused)

A

4

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8
Q

What two structures make up the vertebral arch

A

Pedicles and Lamina

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9
Q

The articular sides of the inferior and superior articular processes are covered in
cartilage and are called ____.

A

Articular Facets

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10
Q

Inferior articular facets of one vertebrae articulate with the superior articular facets
of the vertebrae below to form the _____ (Facet Joints).

A

Zygapophyseal Joints

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11
Q

The open area under the pedicle and
behind the vertebral body is called the
___ Vertebral Notch, and the small
notch above the pedicle is called the
____ Vertebral Notch.

A

Inferior; Superior

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12
Q

Which vertebrae makes up the atlas bone?

A

C1

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13
Q

Which vertebrae makes up the axis bone?

A

C2

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14
Q

C7, the ______, has a long, prominent spinous process.

A

Vertebra Prominens,

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15
Q

Two craniovertebral joints

A
  • Two Atlantooccipital Joints exist between C1 and the occipital condyles of the skull (“yes”).
  • The Atlantoaxial Joints exist between C1 and C2 (“no”).
    ○ One median joint - Dens to anterior arch of C1.
    ○ Two lateral joints - Superior to inferior articular facets.
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16
Q

Thoracic vertebrae have long spinous processes that project _____

A

inferiorly

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17
Q

Thoracic facet joints are oriented in more of a ____ plane, overlapping like shingles on a roof.

A

coronal

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18
Q

The _____ is a part of the lumbar lamina between the superior and inferior articular facets that is a common fracture site.

A

Pars Interarticularis

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19
Q

The Sacrum is a single bone made of _____

A

five fused sacral vertebrae.

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20
Q

The vertebral canal continues into the sacrum via the _____

A

sacral canal

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21
Q

The Sacral Canal is a continuation of the
vertebral canal and is open inferiorly as the
_____.

A

Sacral Hiatus

22
Q

The sacral _____ is the superior anterior lip
of the S1 vertebral body that acts as an important landmark.

A

Promontory

23
Q

The Coccyx is a small bone that is a fusion of 4 (3-5) small coccygeal vertebrae, which
articulates at the _____

A

Sacrococcygeal Joint.

24
Q

There are two Joints of the Vertebral Bodies

A
  • Uncovertebral Joints (3) exist between
    vertebral bodies from C3 through C7.
    ■ They form between Uncinate Processes
    (lateral lips on the superior edges of the
    vertebral bodies) and the vertebral body
    superior to them.
  • Intervertebral Joints (4) exists between
    vertebral bodies from C2 through S1.
    ■ They form between the intervertebral
    discs and the articular surfaces of the
    vertebral bodies.
25
Q

Ligamentous Intervertebral Discs act as shock absorbers and have two parts:

A

○ An outer fibrous ring called the Annulus Fibrosus.
○ An inner gelatinous core called the Nucleus Pulposus.

26
Q

_____ herniations can compress the dural sac.

A

Central

27
Q

What can cause cause the nucleus
pulposus to herniate through
weakened areas?

A

Combination of decreased elasticity of the
annulus fibrosus as we age age combined with compressive forces on the area

28
Q

The ____are important ligaments that connect the occipital bone of the skull to the anterior and posterior arches of the Atlas.

A

Atlantooccipital Membranes

29
Q

The ____ Ligaments, including the apical ligament, securing the Dens of C2 to
the occipital bone just anterior to the foramen magnum.

A

Alar

30
Q

The _____ Ligament has two perpendicular components that secure the Dens against the anterior arch of the Atlas.

A

Cruciform

31
Q

broad fibrous band covering the
anterior vertebral bodies from the
occipital bone to the sacrum

A

Anterior longitudinal ligament

32
Q

thin fibrous band extending from
C2 to the sacrum along the posterior
vertebral bodies (anterior canal).

A

Posterior Longitudinal Ligament

33
Q

What ligament is “yellow”? Where is it located?

A

Ligamentum Flavum joins the lamina of adjacent vertebrae posteriorly.

34
Q

This Ligament runs along the ridge of the spinous processes.

A

Supraspinous Ligament

35
Q

The superior aspect of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament extends into the
skull as the _____

A

Tectorial Membrane.

36
Q

In the cervical spine, the ____ Ligament is a fin-like expansion of the Supraspinous Ligament that extends from the occipital bone to the spinous process of C7.

A

Nuchal

37
Q

Splenius Capitis

A

O: nuchal ligament of C3-C7
I: lateral superior
nuchal line of the occipital bone.
I: Spinal nerves C1 through C6
A: extend the cervical
spine and contributes to head
rotation and flexion.

38
Q

Superficial back muscle group:

A

Splenius capitis
Splenius Cervicis

39
Q

Splenius Cervicis

A

O: the spinous processes of
T3-T6
I: transverse processes of C1 and C2.
I: Spinal nerves C1 through C6
A: extend the cervical
spine and contributes to head
rotation and flexion.

40
Q

Intermediate intrinsic back muscle group

A

Iliocostalis (3 parts)
Longissimus
Spinalis

41
Q

Deep intrinsic back muscle group

A

Transversospinalis muscles (3)
■ Rotatores (brevis and longus)
■ Multifidus
■ Semispinalis (thoracis, cervicis, capitis)

42
Q

Iliocostalis

A

3 parts: Iliocostalis cervicis, iliocostalis
thoracis, and iliocostalis
lumborum.
O: Cervicis originates from ribs 3-7; Thoracis originates from ribs
7-12; Lumborum originates from the
sacrum, iliac crest, and
thoracolumbar fascia
I: Cervisis on transverse processes of
C4-C6; Thoracis on ribs 1-6; Lumborum on ribs 6-12
I: C8-L1 spinal nerves
A: extend and laterally bend the spine.

43
Q

Longissimus

A

three main parts: Longissimus capitis, longissimus cervicis, and longissimus thoracis.
O: Capitis originates from C4-T3 TPs; Cervicis originates from T1-T6 TPs; originates from the sacrum, iliac crest, and lumbar vertebral processes
I: Capitis on the mastoid process of
temporal bone; Cervicis on C2-C5
TPs; Thoracis on ribs 2-12.
I: C1-L5 spinal nerves
A: extend and laterally bend the head & spine.

44
Q

Spinalis

A

Two main parts: Spinalis
cervicis and spinalis thoracis.
O: Spinalis cervicis originates from the
C5-T2 spinous processes; Thoracis from the T10-L3 spinous processes
I: Spinalis Cervicis on the C2-C5 spinous processes; Thoracis on the T2-T8 spinous
processes.
I: spinal nerves at these same levels.
A: extend the cervical and thoracic spine, as well as lateral bending.

45
Q

Transversospinalis Muscles

A

■ Rotatores (brevis and longus)
■ Multifidus
■ Semispinalis (thoracis, cervicis, capitis)
○ Mostly extend from TP to SP of the vertebrae.
○ Innervated by posterior rami of local spinal nerves.
○ Actions:
■ Semispinalis cervicis and capitis extend, rotate, and laterally flex the head and cervical spine.
■ The rest work to extend, rotate, and laterally flex the rest of the spine.

46
Q

Deep Segmental Muscles

A

■ Interspinales
■ Intertransversarii
■ Levatores costarum
○ The Interspinales and Intertransversarii connect adjacent vertebrae, while Levatores costarum connect vertebrae to nearby ribs.
○ Innervated by posterior rami of local spinal nerves.
○ Actions:
■ The muscles help stabilize the vertebral
column and help to extend, rotate, and
laterally flex the head and spine.

47
Q

Suboccipital muscle group

A

○ Rectus Capitis Posterior Major and Minor
○ Obliquus Capitis Superior and Inferior
Innervation: suboccipital nerve
● RCP Major originates from C2 and RCP Minor originates from C1; both insert on the occipital bone.
● OC Superior originates from the C1 TP and inserts on the occipital bone; OC Inferior originates from C2 and inserts
on C1 TP.

48
Q

Sternocleidomastoid

A

O: sternal head originates from the manubrium and the clavicular head from
the medial clavicle.
I: on the mastoid process of the temporal bone and the superior lateral nuchal line of the occipital bone.
I: Cranial Nerve 11 (Accessory Nerve).
A: tilts to the head to that side and rotates to the opposite side. Bilateral contraction extends the head.

49
Q

Prevertebral muscle group

A

○ Longus capitis
○ Longus colli
○ Rectus capitis anterior
○ Rectus capitis lateralis
Innervation: spinal nerves C1-C6
O: from the cervical and upper thoracic
vertebrae
I: on cervical vertebrae or basilar occipital bone.
A: flex the head and neck

50
Q

The Carotid Triangle is an important landmark bound by the ____

A

Sternocleidomastoid, the digastric,
and the sternohyoid muscle on the lateral trachea.

51
Q

This triangle contains the Carotid bifurcation/body, the Hypoglossal nerve, & the Vagus nerve

A

Carotid triangle

A&P Exam 5 (6 decks)

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