Vertebral column and muscles

Question 1

Healthy spines are characterized by ____ in the cervical and lumbar spines, and ____ in the thoracic spine and sacrum.

Answer 1

Lordosis; Kyphosis

Question 2

The vertebral column is comprised of ____ vertebrae and the intervening intervertebral discs.

Answer 2

33

Question 3

_ cervical vertebrae (C__-C__)

Answer 3

7 (C1-C7)

Question 4

___ thoracic vertebrae (T1-T__)

Answer 4

12 (T1-T12)

Question 5

__ lumbar vertebrae (L1-L__)

Answer 5

5 (L1-L5)

Question 6

_ sacral vertebrae (S1-S_, which are fused into one)

Answer 6

5 (S1-S5)

Question 7

___ coccygeal vertebrae (small, fused)

Answer 7

4

Question 8

What two structures make up the vertebral arch

Answer 8

Pedicles and Lamina

Question 9

The articular sides of the inferior and superior articular processes are covered in
cartilage and are called ____.

Answer 9

Articular Facets

Question 10

Inferior articular facets of one vertebrae articulate with the superior articular facets
of the vertebrae below to form the _____ (Facet Joints).

Answer 10

Zygapophyseal Joints

Question 11

The open area under the pedicle and
behind the vertebral body is called the
___ Vertebral Notch, and the small
notch above the pedicle is called the
____ Vertebral Notch.

Answer 11

Inferior; Superior

Question 12

Which vertebrae makes up the atlas bone?

Answer 12

C1

Question 13

Which vertebrae makes up the axis bone?

Answer 13

C2

Question 14

C7, the ______, has a long, prominent spinous process.

Answer 14

Vertebra Prominens,

Question 15

Two craniovertebral joints

Answer 15

• Two Atlantooccipital Joints exist between C1 and the occipital condyles of the skull (“yes”).
• The Atlantoaxial Joints exist between C1 and C2 (“no”).
  ○ One median joint - Dens to anterior arch of C1.
  ○ Two lateral joints - Superior to inferior articular facets.

Question 16

Thoracic vertebrae have long spinous processes that project _____

Answer 16

inferiorly

Question 17

Thoracic facet joints are oriented in more of a ____ plane, overlapping like shingles on a roof.

Answer 17

coronal

Question 18

The _____ is a part of the lumbar lamina between the superior and inferior articular facets that is a common fracture site.

Answer 18

Pars Interarticularis

Question 19

The Sacrum is a single bone made of _____

Answer 19

five fused sacral vertebrae.

Question 20

The vertebral canal continues into the sacrum via the _____

Answer 20

sacral canal

Question 21

The Sacral Canal is a continuation of the
vertebral canal and is open inferiorly as the
_____.

Answer 21

Sacral Hiatus

Question 22

The sacral _____ is the superior anterior lip
of the S1 vertebral body that acts as an important landmark.

Answer 22

Promontory

Question 23

The Coccyx is a small bone that is a fusion of 4 (3-5) small coccygeal vertebrae, which
articulates at the _____

Answer 23

Sacrococcygeal Joint.

Question 24

There are two Joints of the Vertebral Bodies

Answer 24

• Uncovertebral Joints (3) exist between
  vertebral bodies from C3 through C7.
  ■ They form between Uncinate Processes
  (lateral lips on the superior edges of the
  vertebral bodies) and the vertebral body
  superior to them.
• Intervertebral Joints (4) exists between
  vertebral bodies from C2 through S1.
  ■ They form between the intervertebral
  discs and the articular surfaces of the
  vertebral bodies.

Question 25

Ligamentous Intervertebral Discs act as shock absorbers and have two parts:

Answer 25

○ An outer fibrous ring called the Annulus Fibrosus. ○ An inner gelatinous core called the Nucleus Pulposus.

Question 26

_____ herniations can compress the dural sac.

Answer 26

Central

Question 27

What can cause cause the nucleus pulposus to herniate through weakened areas?

Answer 27

Combination of decreased elasticity of the annulus fibrosus as we age age combined with compressive forces on the area

Question 28

The ____are important ligaments that connect the occipital bone of the skull to the anterior and posterior arches of the Atlas.

Answer 28

Atlantooccipital Membranes

Question 29

The ____ Ligaments, including the apical ligament, securing the Dens of C2 to the occipital bone just anterior to the foramen magnum.

Answer 29

Alar

Question 30

The _____ Ligament has two perpendicular components that secure the Dens against the anterior arch of the Atlas.

Answer 30

Cruciform

Question 31

broad fibrous band covering the anterior vertebral bodies from the occipital bone to the sacrum

Answer 31

Anterior longitudinal ligament

Question 32

thin fibrous band extending from C2 to the sacrum along the posterior vertebral bodies (anterior canal).

Answer 32

Posterior Longitudinal Ligament

Question 33

What ligament is "yellow"? Where is it located?

Answer 33

Ligamentum Flavum joins the lamina of adjacent vertebrae posteriorly.

Question 34

This Ligament runs along the ridge of the spinous processes.

Answer 34

Supraspinous Ligament

Question 35

The superior aspect of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament extends into the skull as the _____

Answer 35

Tectorial Membrane.

Question 36

In the cervical spine, the ____ Ligament is a fin-like expansion of the Supraspinous Ligament that extends from the occipital bone to the spinous process of C7.

Answer 36

Nuchal

Question 37

Splenius Capitis

Answer 37

O: nuchal ligament of C3-C7 I: lateral superior nuchal line of the occipital bone. I: Spinal nerves C1 through C6 A: extend the cervical spine and contributes to head rotation and flexion.

Question 38

Superficial back muscle group:

Answer 38

Splenius capitis Splenius Cervicis

Question 39

Splenius Cervicis

Answer 39

O: the spinous processes of T3-T6 I: transverse processes of C1 and C2. I: Spinal nerves C1 through C6 A: extend the cervical spine and contributes to head rotation and flexion.

Question 40

Intermediate intrinsic back muscle group

Answer 40

Iliocostalis (3 parts) Longissimus Spinalis

Question 41

Deep intrinsic back muscle group

Answer 41

Transversospinalis muscles (3) ■ Rotatores (brevis and longus) ■ Multifidus ■ Semispinalis (thoracis, cervicis, capitis)

Question 42

Iliocostalis

Answer 42

3 parts: Iliocostalis cervicis, iliocostalis thoracis, and iliocostalis lumborum. O: Cervicis originates from ribs 3-7; Thoracis originates from ribs 7-12; Lumborum originates from the sacrum, iliac crest, and thoracolumbar fascia I: Cervisis on transverse processes of C4-C6; Thoracis on ribs 1-6; Lumborum on ribs 6-12 I: C8-L1 spinal nerves A: extend and laterally bend the spine.

Question 43

Longissimus

Answer 43

three main parts: Longissimus capitis, longissimus cervicis, and longissimus thoracis. O: Capitis originates from C4-T3 TPs; Cervicis originates from T1-T6 TPs; originates from the sacrum, iliac crest, and lumbar vertebral processes I: Capitis on the mastoid process of temporal bone; Cervicis on C2-C5 TPs; Thoracis on ribs 2-12. I: C1-L5 spinal nerves A: extend and laterally bend the head & spine.

Question 44

Spinalis

Answer 44

Two main parts: Spinalis cervicis and spinalis thoracis. O: Spinalis cervicis originates from the C5-T2 spinous processes; Thoracis from the T10-L3 spinous processes I: Spinalis Cervicis on the C2-C5 spinous processes; Thoracis on the T2-T8 spinous processes. I: spinal nerves at these same levels. A: extend the cervical and thoracic spine, as well as lateral bending.

Question 45

Transversospinalis Muscles

Answer 45

■ Rotatores (brevis and longus) ■ Multifidus ■ Semispinalis (thoracis, cervicis, capitis) ○ Mostly extend from TP to SP of the vertebrae. ○ Innervated by posterior rami of local spinal nerves. ○ Actions: ■ Semispinalis cervicis and capitis extend, rotate, and laterally flex the head and cervical spine. ■ The rest work to extend, rotate, and laterally flex the rest of the spine.

Question 46

Deep Segmental Muscles

Answer 46

■ Interspinales ■ Intertransversarii ■ Levatores costarum ○ The Interspinales and Intertransversarii connect adjacent vertebrae, while Levatores costarum connect vertebrae to nearby ribs. ○ Innervated by posterior rami of local spinal nerves. ○ Actions: ■ The muscles help stabilize the vertebral column and help to extend, rotate, and laterally flex the head and spine.

Question 47

Suboccipital muscle group

Answer 47

○ Rectus Capitis Posterior Major and Minor ○ Obliquus Capitis Superior and Inferior Innervation: suboccipital nerve ● RCP Major originates from C2 and RCP Minor originates from C1; both insert on the occipital bone. ● OC Superior originates from the C1 TP and inserts on the occipital bone; OC Inferior originates from C2 and inserts on C1 TP.

Question 48

Sternocleidomastoid

Answer 48

O: sternal head originates from the manubrium and the clavicular head from the medial clavicle. I: on the mastoid process of the temporal bone and the superior lateral nuchal line of the occipital bone. I: Cranial Nerve 11 (Accessory Nerve). A: tilts to the head to that side and rotates to the opposite side. Bilateral contraction extends the head.

Question 49

Prevertebral muscle group

Answer 49

○ Longus capitis ○ Longus colli ○ Rectus capitis anterior ○ Rectus capitis lateralis Innervation: spinal nerves C1-C6 O: from the cervical and upper thoracic vertebrae I: on cervical vertebrae or basilar occipital bone. A: flex the head and neck

Question 50

The Carotid Triangle is an important landmark bound by the ____

Answer 50

Sternocleidomastoid, the digastric, and the sternohyoid muscle on the lateral trachea.

Question 51

This triangle contains the Carotid bifurcation/body, the Hypoglossal nerve, & the Vagus nerve

Answer 51

Carotid triangle