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A&P Exam 5 > Leg - Distal > Flashcards

Leg - Distal Flashcards

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1
Q

The “leg” is technically between ____

A

between the knee and ankle

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2
Q

Important movements at joints of the knee:

A

○ Flexion – Bending the joint (leg flexes posteriorly)
○ Extension – Straightening the joint (leg extends anteriorly)
○ External (lateral) rotation – Outward rotation of the tibia
○ Internal (medial) rotation – Inward rotation of the tibia

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3
Q

Important movements at joints of the ankle:

A

○ Plantar flexion – flexing the foot or toes
downward
○ Dorsiflexion – lifting the foot or toes
upward, “extension of the foot”
○ Inversion – lifting the medial edge of the foot,
“supination”
○ Eversion – lifting the lateral edge of the foot,
“pronation”

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4
Q

The tibia articulates with the femur at the _____

A

tibial plateau

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5
Q

The tibia articulates with the fibula proximally at the ______ and distally at the ______

A

tibiofibular joint; tibiofibular
syndesmosis

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6
Q

The anterolateral tubercle (Gerdy’s tubercle) serves as an attachment site for the _____

A

IT band

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7
Q

The tibia shaft, has a sharp line anteriorly called the _____; posteriorly the soleal line is the attachment site for the _____

A

anterior border; soleus

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8
Q

Distally, the lateral malleolus forms the lateral wall of the _____

A

ankle mortise

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9
Q

The ____ connects the shaft of the tibia and fibula

A

interosseous membrane

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10
Q

High ankle Sprain

A

Syndesmosis injury that results in disruption of the ankle joint. May not be obvious on X-ray

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11
Q

The tarsal bones consist of these 7 short
bones of the foot:

A

talus, navicular, cuboid, medial, intermediate, and lateral cuneiform

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12
Q

The ____ is the most superior tarsal bone

A

talus

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13
Q

The _____ is a medial process of the calcaneus that forms part of the medial arch of the foot

A

sustentaculum tali

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14
Q

The Navicular is anterior to the talus and
forms the ____

A

medial arch

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15
Q

Jones fracture – a fracture of the base
fifth metatarsal bone occurs where

A

tuberosity of the 5th metatarsal

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16
Q

Which phalanges only has a proximal and distal phalanx?

A

1st digit

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17
Q

What type of joint is the knee

A

Modified hinge; synovial

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18
Q

The patella is Embedded in the the quadriceps tendon _____ and the patellar ligament _____ where it inserts on the tibial tuberosity

A

superiorly; inferiorly

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19
Q

The lateral collateral ligament is
cordlike and _____ to the joint capsule

A

unattached

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20
Q

The medial collateral ligament is flat and is ____ to the joint capsule

A

attached

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21
Q

The anterior cruciate ligament arises from the _____ of the tibia to the _____

A

anterior intercondylar part; medial aspect of the lateral femoral condyle

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22
Q

The posterior cruciate ligament arises from the _____ of the tibia to the ______

A

posterior intercondylar part; lateral aspect of the medial femoral condyle

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23
Q

_____ Prevents the tibia from shifting
backwards

A

PCL

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24
Q

_____ Prevents the tibia from shifting forwards

A

ACL

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25
The anterior and posterior ligament of the fibular head helps secure the _____
tibiofibular joint
26
The ______ connects the menisci to each other anteriorly
transverse ligament of the knee
27
The ____ joins the lateral meniscus to the posterior cruciate ligament and to the medial femoral condyle
posterior meniscofemoral ligament
28
The _____ is a C-shaped cup and relatively imobile due to attachments to tibia and collateral ligament
medial meniscus
29
The ____ is nearly circular and more mobile (during flexion and extension) than the medial meniscus
lateral meniscus
30
The ____ is an extension of the semimembranosus tendon and supports the joint posteriorly and laterally
oblique popliteal ligament
31
The _____ extends from the fibular head to the posterior knee and reinforces the joint posteriorly and laterally
arcuate popliteal ligament
32
What type of joint is the distal tibiofibular joint
Fibrous; limited movement
33
What Creates the ankle mortise?
Movement of the distal tibiofibular joint, aka tibiofibular syndesmosis, is limited as it’s fibrous joint
34
The ankle joint, ______, is stabilized by many strong ligaments and transfers the weight of the body through the tibia
talocrural joint
35
The metatarsophalangeal joints are condyloid ____
synovial joints
36
The _____ ligament extends from the medial malleolus to the talus, navicular and calcaneus
deltoid ligament
37
The _____ligament helps maintain the strength of distal tibiofibular joint
anterior tibiofibular
38
The _____ ligament is the most commonly sprained ligament of the foot
anterior talofibular
39
The ____ ligament helps maintain the strength of distal tibiofibular joint
posterior tibiofibular
40
The _____ ligament extends from the lateral malleolus to the talus
posterior talofibular
41
The ____ ligament extends from the lateral malleolus to the lateral calcaneus
calcaneofibular
42
The ____ is tough aponeurotic sheet, thickest at the cent, that blends with the dorsal fascia at the borders of the foot
plantar aponeurosis
43
Five genicular branches come off of the popliteal artery
○ *Medial/lateral superior genicular arteries* ○ Medial/lateral inferior genicular arteries ○ Middle genicular artery
44
Arteries in the genicular anastomosis
descending genicular descending branch of the lateral circumflex recurrent anterior/posterior tibial arteries
45
The anterior tibial artery passes through an opening of in the interosseous membrane to supply the _____
anterior compartment
46
Deep plantar arch forms an anastomosis with the ____ (the dorsum of the foot)
deep plantar artery
47
Dorsal venous network drains the dorsum of the foot and drain into the _____
great saphenous vein
48
Small saphenous vein – drains ____ aspect of the leg and drains in the the popliteal vein
posterior lateral
49
Most common vessels for DVT to occur
popliteal, femoral, and iliac veins are most common
50
Virchow's triad
○ Vessel injury ○ Vascular stasis ○ Hypercoagulable state
51
The tibial nerve terminates as the ____ and _____ nerves and have muscular and cutaneous innervation
medial plantar; lateral plantar
52
The ____ nerve is formed by superficial communicating branches of the tibia and common fibular nerves
sural
53
Compartments and their nerves
1. Anterior compartment: Deep fibular nerve 2. Lateral compartment: Superficial fibular nerve 3. Superficial posterior compartment: Tibial nerve 4. Deep posterior compartment: Tibial nerve
54
Tibialis Anterior
O: tibia and interosseous membrane I: medial cuneiform I: Deep fibular nerve A: Dorsiflexion and inversion the foot
55
Extensor digitorum longus
O: fibula and interosseous membrane I: 2nd-5th toes I: Deep fibular nerve A: Dorsiflexion and eversion the foot, extension of toes 2-5 at the MTP and IP joints
56
extensor hallucis longus
O: fibula and interosseous membrane I: first toe I: Deep fibular nerve A: Dorsiflexion and eversion/inversion at the subtalar joint, and extension of the 1st toe at the MTP and IP
57
fibularis tertius
O: distal fibula I: 5th metatarsal I: Deep fibular nerve A: Dorsiflexion and eversion
58
fibularis longus
O: fibula I: medial cuneiform I: superficial fibular nerve A: Plantar flexion and eversion and supports transverse arch
59
fibularis brevis
O: fibula I: 5th metatarsal I: superficial fibular nerve A: Plantar flexion and eversion
60
gastrocnemius
O: femur I: calcaneal tuberosity via the “achilles tendon” I: tibial nerve A: Plantar flexion and knee flexion
61
soleus
O: fibula and soleal line of the tibia I: calcaneal tuberosity via the “achilles tendon” I: tibial nerve A: Plantar flexion and knee flexion
62
plantaris
O: femur (lateral epicondyle) I: calcaneal tuberosity I: tibial nerve A: Negligible; may act on plantar flexion
63
tibialis posterior
O: interosseous membrane I: navicular tuberosity, cuneiforms and metatarsals 2-4 I: tibial nerve A: Plantar flexion, inversion, and supports the transverse arch
64
popliteus
O: lateral femoral condyle I: posterior tibial surface I: tibial nerve A: “Unlock” the knee and knee flexion (minimal)
65
flexor digitorum longus
O: tibia I: distal phalanges 2-5 I: tibial nerve A: Plantar flexion, inversion, and flexion of toes 2-5 at the MTP and IP joints
66
flexor hallucis longus
O: fibula and interosseous membrane I: first distal phalanx I: tibial nerve A: Flexion of 1st toe the MTP and IP joints, plantar flexion, inversion, and supports the medial longitudinal arch
67
muscles of the foot that originate on the leg
Extrinsic muscles
68
muscles of the foot that originate and insert on the bones of the foot and ankle
Intrinsic muscles
69
The foot has its own midline – between the ____ toes
2nd and 3rd
70
Intrinsic Muscle Layers
● Dorsum of the foot ● Superficial sole of the foot ● Deep sole of the foot
71
extensor digitorum brevis
O: calcaneus I: middle phalanx of toes 2-4 I: deep fibular nerve A: Extension of toes 2-4 at the MTP and PIP joints
72
extensor hallucis brevis
O: calcaneus I: proximal phalanx of the 1st toe I: deep fibular nerve A: Extension of the MTP and PIP joints of the 1st toe
73
abductor hallucis
O: calcaneal tuberosity and flexor retinaculum I: proximal phalanx of the 1st toe I: medial plantar nerve A: Flexion and abduction of the 1st toe
74
flexor digitorum brevis
O: calcaneal tuberosity and plantar aponeurosis I: middle phalanx of toes 2-5 I: medial plantar nerve A: Flexion the MTP and PIP of toes 2-5
75
abductor digiti minimi
O: calcaneal tuberosity and flexor retinaculum I: proximal phalanx of the 5th toe I: lateral plantar nerve A: Flexion the MTP and PIP of the 5th toe
76
quadratus plantae
O: calcaneal tuberosity I: flexor digitorum longus tendon I: lateral plantar nerve A: Redirects and augments the pull of the FDL
77
Flexor hallucis brevis
O: Cuboid and lateral cuneiform I: proximal phalanx of the first toe I: medial and lateral plantar nerves A: Flexion the MTP of the 1st toe
78
flexor digiti minimi brevis
O: base of the 5th metatarsal I: proximal phalanx of the 5th toe I: lateral plantar nerve A: Flexion the MTP of the 5th toe
79
adductor hallucis
O: Oblique head originates from the proximal phalanx of digits 2-4; the transverse head from the MTP of 3rd to 5th toes to I: proximal phalanx of the 1st toe I: lateral plantar nerve A: Flex and adduct the great toe at the MTP joint
80
Lumbricals
Flexes and adducts toes 2-5
81
Plantar and dorsal interossei
Abduct and adduct toes 3-5

A&P Exam 5 (6 decks)

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