Cerebral Cortex

Question 1

How many layers of cortex are there?

Answer 1

6

Question 2

What layer is superficial and which is deep?

Answer 2

1 is superficial and 6 is deep

Question 3

Which cells are the most abundant in the cerebral cortex?

Answer 3

Pyramidal

Question 4

Is the auditory cortex organized in frequency strips?

Answer 4

Yes
And has columns of binaural dominance

Question 5

Are cells either excited by stimuli in both ears (EE) or excited by stimuli in one and inhibited by stimuli in the other (EI)?

Answer 5

Yes

Question 6

What are commissural fibers?

Answer 6

Fibers to other hemisphere

Question 7

What are association fibers?

Answer 7

Fibers to different lobe in same hemisphere

Question 8

What is an example of an association fiber?

Answer 8

Arcuate fasciculus

Question 9

What are projection fibers?

Answer 9

Fibers from the thalamus (corona radiata)

Question 10

What two things could happen with a lesion in the cortex?

Answer 10

Loss of function (negative sign)
Appearance of behaviors not normally present (positive sign)

Question 11

What could happen if S1 was damaged?

Answer 11

Deficits in position sense
Can’t tell where limb is
Astrognosis

Question 12

What is asterognosis?

Answer 12

Inability to identify an object by feel

Question 13

Does damage to the right side of S1 result in lack of spatial aspect of sensory input for the left side of the body?

Answer 13

Yes
Often results in hemineglect syndrome

Question 14

What is hemineglect?

Answer 14

Lack of appreciation of spatial aspects of sensory input to left side of body

Question 15

What might happen with a person with hemineglect?

Answer 15

They might only shave the right side of their face and may only draw the right side of an image

Question 16

What does the frontal and prefrontal cortex control?

Answer 16

Motor planning, cognitive and emotional activities
Regulate affect associated with sensations (happy, sad, friendly, disagreeable)

Question 17

What happens when someone has a lesion in the frontal lobe?

Answer 17

Patient is less excitable (flat affect)
Less creative
Apathetic
Impaired consecutive planning
Inability to maintain order of events
Difficult shifting between activities
Loss of self control
Disinhibited social behavior

Question 18

What might happen when someone has a lesion in M1?

Answer 18

Contralateral paresis (weakness)
Increased deep tendon reflex
Positive babinski

Question 19

What might happen when someone has a lesion in the premotor cortex?

Answer 19

Increased tone and resistance to passive movements

Question 20

What is wernicke’s aphasia?

Answer 20

spoken and written words are not meaningful

Question 21

What is broca’s aphasia?

Answer 21

Production of speech is impaired

Question 22

What is agnosia?

Answer 22

Inability to recognize an object or interpret sensory stimuli

Question 23

Can agnosia be for multiple senses?

Answer 23

Yes, tactile, visual, and auditory

Question 24

What is apraxia?

Answer 24

Interference with planning and performing skilled and complex movements

Question 25

What side is the planum temporale usually bigger?

Answer 25

Left

Question 26

Which hemisphere is favored for the development of speech and language?

Answer 26

Left

Question 27

Is there also lateralization for mood (prefrontal cortex)?

Answer 27

Yes Left plays a role in happy feelings Right plays a role in negative feelings

Question 28

Which side of the brain is dominant for language, speech writing, calculation, and complex reasoning?

Answer 28

Left

Question 29

Which side of the brain is dominant for spatial construction, creative acts, and facial recognition?

Answer 29

Right

Question 30

Can an object felt in the left hand be identified verbally?

Answer 30

No because left hemisphere is used to say words

Question 31

Why is function lateralized?

Answer 31

May increase our intelligence Probably provides more efficient function

Question 32

What type of injury has a better prognosis for recovery?

Answer 32

Supratentorial

Question 33

What happens with a supratentorial lesion?

Answer 33

Slow and stepwise progression Displacement of supratentorial structures through tentorial notch

Question 34

What happens with a infratentorial lesion?

Answer 34

Dramatic symptoms associated with cranial nerves (vertigo, nausea, deafness, facial paralysis)

Question 35

What is a period of abnormal, hyperactive, and synchronized neural firing in the cortex?

Answer 35

Seizure

Question 36

What is a seizure that is only initiated by a small part of the brain?

Answer 36

Partial

Question 37

What is a seizure that involves the entire brain?

Answer 37

General

Question 38

What are absence seizures?

Answer 38

Loss of awareness without loss of muscle tone

Question 39

What are normal seizures called?

Answer 39

Tonic-clonic

Question 40

What seizures only happen in young children?

Answer 40

Febrile

Question 41

What causes seizures?

Answer 41

Many causes Related to cortical damage