Cerebral Cortex

Question 1

gyri/sulci increase ___________

Answer 1

surface area

allows for increased cortex size without increasing overall size of the brain

Question 2

sagital sulcus

Answer 2

Longitudinal fissure

-divides brain into L and R hemispheres

Question 3

precentral sulcus

Answer 3

-immediately anterior to the central sulcus in the frontal lobe

Question 4

central sulcus

Answer 4

-divides the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe

Question 5

post-central sulcus

Answer 5

-immediately posterior to the central sulcus in the parietal lobe

Question 6

lateral sulcus

Answer 6

Sylvian Fissure

• long, deep sulcus on lateral aspect of each cerebral hemisphere
• separates temporal lobe from rest of cortex

Question 7

parietoccipital sulcus

Answer 7

-separates occipital lobe from parietal lobe

Question 8

intraparietal sulcus

Answer 8

lateral sulcus in parietal lobe

Question 9

superior and inferior frontal sulci

Answer 9

-separate superior/middle/inferior frontal gyri

Question 10

superior and inferior temporal sulci

Answer 10

-separate superior/middle/inferior temporal gyri

Question 11

frontal lobe: how many gyri?

Answer 11

4

• superior/middle/inferior frontal gyri
• precentral gyrus

Question 12

parietal lobe: how many gyri?

Answer 12

4

• postcentral gyrus
• superior parietal lobule
• supramarginal gyrus
• angular gyrus

Question 13

temporal lobe: how many gyri?

Answer 13

3

-superior/middle/inferior temporal gyri

Question 14

Brodmann’s areas

Answer 14

-regions of the brain based on cytoarchitecture of the neurons

Question 15

Brodmann areas 1, 2, 3

Answer 15

primary somatosensory cortex

Question 16

Brodmann area 4

Answer 16

primary motor cortex

Question 17

corpus callosum

Answer 17

-white matter tract that connects the two hemispheres

Question 18

R visual field goes to

Answer 18

L hemisphere

Question 19

language controlled by _________ hemisphere

Answer 19

language controlled by LEFT hemisphere

Question 20

_______ hemisphere controls the left motor movements

Answer 20

RIGHT hemisphere controls the left motor movements (contralateral)

Question 21

frontal lobe: location, major areas, primary functions

Answer 21

• anterior to central sulcus
• prefrontal cortex, premotor cortex, primary motor cortex, frontal eye fields, Broca’s area
• motor function

Question 22

premotor cortex

Answer 22

• frontal lobe
• involved in planning movement
• association area: devoted to an elaboration of the associated primary area and involves motor functions associated with high-level intellectual functions

Question 23

motor cortex

Answer 23

• frontal lobe
• executes movement
• organized geographically to parts it controls (homonculus)

Question 24

cortical spinal pathway: primary motor neurons reside in _________

Answer 24

cortical spinal pathway: primary motor neurons reside in MOTOR CORTEX (frontal lobe)

Question 25

distal parts of the body (legs, hands) are controlled by which area?

Answer 25

medially (homonculus)

Question 26

association areas

Answer 26

needed for high level intellectual functions

Question 27

Broca's area

Answer 27

- in L frontal lobe, ant to primary motor cortex, just above temporal lobe - involved in SPEECH PRODUCTION (motor formation of speech) - lesion = Broca's aphasia (expressive aphasia)

Question 28

prefrontal cortex

Answer 28

- frontal lobe - involved in social judgement - inhibits impulsive thoughts/behaviors to fit social norms - Phineas Gage - implicated in schizophrenia, antisocial personality disorder, ADHD

Question 29

damage to prefrontal cortex is associated with which disorders?

Answer 29

- schizophrenia - antisocial PD - ADHD

Question 30

Phineas Gage

Answer 30

- injury while working on railroad - destroyed L frontal lobe - transformed his personality

Question 31

parietal lobe: location, major areas, primary functions

Answer 31

- -posterior to central sulcus - primary sensory cortex - sensory function - --visual and cognitive attention

Question 32

primary sensory cortex

Answer 32

- areas correspond geographically to parts of the body (homonculus) - ascending dorsal column and spinothalamic pathways project here via thalamus - lesions cause loss of sensation in corresponding area

Question 33

2nd somatosensory association area (S2)

Answer 33

- posterior to S1 - elaboration of associated primary area - involves sensory functions associated with high level functions (spatial attention)

Question 34

unilateral lesion to parietal lobe?

Answer 34

- causes contralateral neglect - pt fails to pay attention to contralateral side - R lesion: only draw numbers on L side of clock

Question 35

occipital lobe: location, major areas, primary functions

Answer 35

- most posterior region of cortex - primary visual cortex, association visual cortex - vision

Question 36

primary visual cortex

Answer 36

-receives input from the retina via lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)

Question 37

temporal lobe: location, major areas, primary functions

Answer 37

- lateral to Sylvian fissure - major areas: primary auditory cortex, hippocampus amygdala, Wernicke's area - auditory function, memory, emotion, language comprehension

Question 38

primary auditory cortex

Answer 38

- located in superior temporal gyrus | - contains Heschl's gyrus

Question 39

Wernicke's area

Answer 39

- located in posterior 1/3 of superior temporal gyrus - close to auditory cortex - SPEECH COMPREHENSION - damage = Wernicke's aphasia

Question 40

Heschl's gyrus

Answer 40

-located in transverse temporal gyri in primary auditory complex, buried withing lateral sulcus

Question 41

primary auditory complex is organized by __________

Answer 41

primary auditory complex is organized by FREQUENCY

Question 42

auditory hallucinations (schizophrenia) light up which area of the brain during MRI?

Answer 42

-Heschl's gyrus

Question 43

neurons in visual cortex of young mouse

Answer 43

- lots of crossover - no delineation of R vs L - convergence

Question 44

neurons in visual cortex of adult mouse

Answer 44

- complete rearrangement - separation of information processing - L vs R is distinct

Question 45

ocular dominance

Answer 45

- limit stimulus from 1 eye during development | - greater representation of intact eye in adult (convergence)