Neuro Misc 2 Flashcards
(82 cards)
1
Q
nuclei in medulla
A
IX, X, XI, XII
9-12
2
Q
nuclei in pons
A
V, VI, VII, VIII
5-8
3
Q
nuclei above pons
A
I, II, III, IV
1-4
4
Q
medial tracts
A
- motor nuclei (somatic): III, IV, VI, XII
- motor pathway: CST
- MLF
- Medial lemniscus
5
Q
lateral tracts
A
- sympathetic
- spinothalamic
- sensory (V)
- spinocerebellar (ICP)
6
Q
where do they cross?
- CST
- DC
- STT
A
- CST: caudal medulla
- DC: caudal medulla
- STT: at the spinal level it innervates
Loss of CST/DC are contralateral to lesion if above medulla, ipsilateral if in spinal cord
STT is always contralateral
7
Q
frontal eye fields
- blood supply
- function
A
- ACA
- move eyes laterally connects to PPRF
8
Q
branchial motor nuclei of the brainstem
A
- motor nucleus of V
- facial
- ambiguus
- spinal accessory
9
Q
sensory nuclei of thalamus
A
VPL, VPM
10
Q
motor nuclei of the thalamus
A
VA, VL
11
Q
limbic nuclei of the thalamus
A
- anterior (to cingulate)
- DM (to prefrontal cortex, amygdala)
12
Q
auditory nuclei of the thalamus
A
medial geniculate bodies
13
Q
visual nuclei of the thalamus
A
lateral geniculate bodies
14
Q
association nuclei of the thalamus
A
pulvinar
15
Q
PVN, SON function
A
- make hormones for posterior pituitary
- ADH, oxytocin
16
Q
hypothalamus: food intake and metabolism
A
- VMH (satiety)
- LH (feeding)
- ARC
- PVN
- DMH
17
Q
hypothalamus: day night rhythms
A
SCN
18
Q
hypothalamus: temperature regulation
A
- AH, POA: heat dissipation
- PH: heat conservation
19
Q
heat dissipation
A
AH
POA
20
Q
heat conservation
A
PH
21
Q
hippocampal formation involvement implicated in
A
- memory fxn
- depression
- schizophrenia
- alzheimers
- epilepsy
- autism
22
Q
amygdala involvement implicated in
A
- temporal lobe epilepsy
- alzheimer’s
- anxiety states
- affective disorders
- PTSD
- Schizophrenia
- autism
- panic disorders
23
Q
habituation
A
decreasing response to a sensory stimulus
24
Q
sensitization
A
increasing response to a sensory stimulus
25
learning and memory require changes in ___________
learning and memory require changes in SYNAPTIC STRENGTH
26
short term memory depends on __________
short term memory depends on PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION
27
long term memory depends on _____________
long term memory depends on PROTEIN PHOS. and PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
28
NMDA receptors are essential for _______
NMDA receptors are essential for ASSOCIATIVE CONDITIONING
29
thalamic sensory and relay nuclei INTO CORTEX
layer IV
30
thalamic nuclei INTO CORTEX
layer VI
31
intracortical input
layers II/III
32
cortex to other cortical areas
layer III
33
cortex to striatum, brainstem, spinal cord
layer V
34
cortex to thalamus
layer VI
35
primary motor cortex
- more pyramidal cells (larger)
| - thicker layers: V, VI
36
primary sensory cortex
- more granular cells (smaller)
| - thicker layer IV
37
Brodmann's Areas:
- 1, 2, 3
- 4
- 17
- 41
Brodmann's Areas:
- 1, 2, 3: somatosensory cortex
- 4: motor cortex
- 17: visual cortex
- 41: auditory cortex
38
parahippocampal gyrus contains
- hippocampus
| - amygdala
39
insula cortex
- sensory
- pain
- disgust
- gustatory
- autonomic function
not well understood
40
cuneus
-superior retinal fibers (lower visual field)
41
lingula
inferior retinal fibers (upper field
| -Meyer's loop
42
calcarine cortex
- all fibers from lateral geniculate nucleus
| - cuneus + lingula
43
arcuate fasciculus
- connects Broca's and Wernicke's areas
| - conductive aphasia: can't repeat
44
lesion of splenium of corpus callosum
alexia without agraphia
45
AMD
- blurred CENTRAL vision
- Dry, then wet
- VEGF for wet phase
46
retinitis pigmentosa
- decreased vision at night/low light
- tunnel vision
- mutation in photoreceptor protein
47
diabetic retinopathy
- blurred vision
- gradual loss
- floaters, shadows
- nonproliferative, then proliferative
- laser treatment
48
glaucoma
- pressure build up damages optic n
- closed/open angle
- beta adrenergic antagonists (decr. production
- prostaglandins (incr outflow)
49
vestibulocerebellum
- flocculonodular lobe
| - equilibrium
50
spinocerebellum
- vermis
- midline structures
- ataxia, incoordination, instability
- ALCOHOLICS
51
neocerebellum
- hemispheres
- upper limb control
- intention tremor
- dysmetria
- disdiadochokinesis
- ataxia
52
gegenhalten: variable resistance to passive movements of limbs
frontal lobe syndrome
53
anton's syndrome
- denial of blindness
- bilateral occipital lobe lesions
- react to confrontation
- confabulation
54
balint's syndrome
- bilateral occipitoparietal
- simultagnosia
- optic ataxia
- oculomotor apraxia
MCA-PCA WATERSHED
55
dysprosody
MCA on right
56
frontal eye fields
- supplied by MCA
| - gaze deviation towards side of the lesion
57
clumsy hand dysarthria
- internal capsule
- ventral pons
- corona radiata
58
MCA-PCA watershed
BALINT's Syndrome
| -visuospatial deficits
59
EEG of absence seizure
generalized spike and wave
60
tonic vs clonic
tonic: body stiffening
clonic: rhythmic activity
61
relapsing remitting
reverts back to baseline between attacks
62
relapsing progressive
reverts not quite back to baseline between attacks
63
secondary progressive
converts to a progressive course
64
primary progressive
progressive course from onset
65
MS diagnosis
- MRI
- clinical Sx
- evoked potentials
- lumbar puncture: oligoclonal bands, IgG
- WBC <50
66
alzheimer's dementia
loss of
- memory
- executive fxn
- visuospatial impairment
- language
- behavior
67
lewy body dementia
- hallucinations
| - psychosis
68
vascular dementia
-stepwise progression of cognitive decline
69
frontotemporal dementia
- social disinhibition
- abulia
- personality changes
70
beta-amyloid in brain, CSF?
- elevated in brain
| - low in CSF
71
tau protein in brain, CSF
- elevated in brain
| - elevated in CSF
72
Alzheimer's: unknown cause
ApoE-4
age, female, head trauma
73
Alzheimer's: down's syndrome
trisomy 21
74
Alzheimer's: familial
- early onset
- autosomal dominant
- abnormal genes: APP, gamma secretase
75
stuporous
responds to voice, pain
76
persistent vegetative state
- may open eyes, but NO interaction with enviornment
- brainstem works
- cortex does not work
- Dx: 1 month (1 yr for trauma)
77
minimally conscious state
- between PVS and normal
- follow simple commands
- intelligible verbalization
- purposeful behavior
78
locked in syndrome
- patient is awake
- incapable of movement or speech
- eye movements possible
- ventral pontine lesion
79
epidural hematoma
- middle meningeal a rupture
- skull fx
- lucid interval
80
subdural hematoma
- rupture of bridging veins
- acute or chronic
- mild trauma
81
glasgow coma scale
3-15
- eye opening
- verbal response
- motor response
<8 is serious head injury
82
management of elevated ICP
- elevate head
- hyperventilation
- osmotic diuretics
- barbiturate coma
- CSF drainage (ventriculostomy)
- hemicraniectomy
