Cerebrum Clinical Application

Question 1

What is mostly affected following thalamic lesion?

Answer 1

proprioception

Question 2

Occlusion or hemorrhage of arteries supplying the ____ capsule of subcortical white matter are common

Answer 2

internal

Question 3

What is performed in cases of intractable epilepsy?

Answer 3

callosotomy

Question 4

What do lesions or dysfunctions of the caudate/ventral striatum cause?

Answer 4

behavioral disturbances

Question 5

What is the most common behavioral abnormality secondary to caudate damage?

Answer 5

apathy

Question 6

Excessive activity of the circuit connecting the caudate, anterior cingulate cortex, and ventral prefrontal cortex is correlated with what?

Answer 6

OCD

Question 7

What is the result of lesions in the primary somatosensory area?

Answer 7

loss of tactile localization and conscious proprioception

Question 8

What is the result of lesions in the primary auditory area?

Answer 8

loss of localization of sounds

Question 9

What is the result of lesions in the primary visual area?

Answer 9

homonymous hemianopia

Question 10

What is the result of lesions in the primary vestibular area?

Answer 10

change in awareness of head position and movement

Question 11

What is Agnosia?

Answer 11

the inability to recognize objects when using a specific sense, even though discriminative ability with that sense is intact

Question 12

What are 3 forms of agnosia?

Answer 12

• Astereognosis
• Visual agnosia
• Auditory agnosia

Question 13

What is Astereognosis?

Answer 13

the inability to identify objects by touch and manipulation, despite intact discriminative somatosensation

Question 14

What is Visual agnosia?

Answer 14

The inability to visually recognize objects, despite having intact vision

Question 15

What does a person who is unable to identify faces visually, despite being able to interpret emotional facial expressions and being able to recognize visually other items in the environment have?

Answer 15

Prosopagnosia

Question 16

Destruction of the ____ auditory cortex causes auditory agnoisa

Answer 16

secondary

Question 17

What results if there is a lesion to the left secondary auditory cortex?

Answer 17

the person is unable to understand speech

Question 18

What results if there is a lesion to the right secondary auditory cortex?

Answer 18

The person is unable to interpret environmental sounds

Question 19

What is apraxia?

Answer 19

motor agnosia

- the knowledge of how to perform skilled movement is lost

Question 20

What does constructional apraxia impair?

Answer 20

the ability to draw and to arrange objects correctly in space

Question 21

What is motor perseveration?

Answer 21

the uncontrollable repetition of a movement

Question 22

What is Broca’s aphasia?

Answer 22

difficulty expressing oneself using language or symbols

Question 23

What is dysarthria?

Answer 23

difficult or unclear articulation of speech that is otherwise linguistically normal

Question 24

What does dysarthria result from?

Answer 24

spasticity or paresis of the muscles used for speaking

Question 25

What are the 2 types of dysarthria?

Answer 25

Spastic dysarthria | Flaccid dysarthria

Question 26

Spastic dysarthria is caused by damage to the _____ motor neurons.

Answer 26

upper

Question 27

What is spastic dysarthria characterized by?

Answer 27

harsh, awkward speech

Question 28

Flaccid dysarthria is caused by damage to the _____ motor neurons.

Answer 28

lower

Question 29

What is flaccid dysarthria characterized by?

Answer 29

paresis of speech muscles

Question 30

What are the 4 A's of cerebral cortex damage?

Answer 30

- aphasia - apraxia - agnosia - astereognosis

Question 31

What is the result of lesion to the dorsolateral prefrontal association cortex?

Answer 31

loss of executive function and divergent thinking

Question 32

What is the result of lesion to the parietotemporal association cortex?

Answer 32

- inability to handle new information effectively - inability to distinguish relevant from irrelevant information - difficulty generalizing information - become upset with even minor changes in routine

Question 33

What is the result of lesion to the parietotemporal association cortex in the left hemisphere?

Answer 33

Wernicke's aphasia

Question 34

What is the result of lesion to the parietotemporal association cortex in the right hemisphere?

Answer 34

neglect and/or difficulty understanding nonverbal communication

Question 35

What is the result of lesion to the ventral and medial dorsal prefrontal association cortex?

Answer 35

disturbances of personality and emotions

Question 36

What do lesions that affect the somatic marker circuitry cause?

Answer 36

poor judgment

Question 37

What is emotional lability?

Answer 37

the abnormal, uncontrolled expression of emotions

Question 38

What are the 3 aspects of emotional lability?

Answer 38

- Abrupt mood shifts, usually to anger, depression or anxiety - Involuntary, inappropriate emotional expression in the absence of subjective emotion - Emotion, triggered by nonspecific stimuli unrelated to the emotional expression

Question 39

The reward pathway comprises dopamine neurons from where to where?

Answer 39

the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to the ventral striatum

Question 40

What is the "motivation" neurotransmitter?

Answer 40

dopamine

Question 41

What can be defined as the loss of behavioral control in response to a stimulus combined with the continued use of a substance, regardless of the negative consequences?

Answer 41

Addiction

Question 42

The loss of declarative memory is called what?

Answer 42

amnesia

Question 43

What are 3 language disorders? What do each affect?

Answer 43

- Aphasia: spoken language - Alexia: comprehension of written language - Agraphia: the ability to write

Question 44

What are 4 common types of aphasia?

Answer 44

- Broca’s - Wernicke’s - Conduction - Global

Question 45

Describe Broca's aphasia

Answer 45

difficulty expressing or using language

Question 46

Describe Wernicke's aphasia

Answer 46

Impaired language comprehension

Question 47

What is conduction aphasia the result of?

Answer 47

damage to the neurons that connect Wernicke’s and Broca’s areas

Question 48

What is global aphasia?

Answer 48

The inability to use language in any form

Question 49

Damage to the right cortex in the area corresponding to Broca’s area may cause what?

Answer 49

flat affect

Question 50

What is neglect?

Answer 50

the tendency to behave as if one side of the body and/or one side of space does not exist

Question 51

What side of the body does neglect often affect?

Answer 51

the left side

Question 52

What are 2 types of neglect?

Answer 52

Personal and Spatial

Question 53

What is personal neglect?

Answer 53

Unilateral lack of awareness of sensory stimuli, personal hygiene and grooming, movement of the limbs

Question 54

What is spatial neglect?

Answer 54

Unilateral lack of understanding of spatial relationships, resulting in a deranged internal representation of space

Question 55

What is lateropulsion?

Answer 55

the powerful pushing away from the less paretic side in sitting, as well as during transfers, standing, and walking

Question 56

What does loss of consciousness result from? (2 things)

Answer 56

- the movement of the cerebral hemispheres relative to the brainstem (causing torque of the brainstem) - an abrupt increase in intracranial pressure

Question 57

ADHD affects _-_% of children and _-_% of adults.

Answer 57

2-6 2-4

Question 58

Girls with ADHD are more likely to be _____ than are boys.

Answer 58

inattentive

Question 59

Boys with ADHD tend to be what?

Answer 59

hyperactive or impulsive

Question 60

What are Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD)?

Answer 60

the abnormal anatomy and connectivity of the limbic and striatal social brain systems

Question 61

What causes ASD?

Answer 61

An immune attack on brain proteins, in addition to genetic factors

Question 62

What is epilepsy?

Answer 62

sudden attacks of excessive cortical neuronal discharge, interfering with brain function

Question 63

What are the 2 main types of generalized epileptic seizures?

Answer 63

- Absence seizures | - Tonic-clonic seizures

Question 64

What 3 things reduce the capability for understanding and reasoning?

Answer 64

Cognitive disability, dementia, and dyslexia

Question 65

What are 2 common causes of cognitive disability?

Answer 65

- trisomy 21 | - untreated phenylketonuria

Question 66

What is trisomy 21 aka?

Answer 66

Down's syndrome

Question 67

What is phenylketonuria (PKU)?

Answer 67

an autosomal recessive defect in metabolism, resulting in the retention of a common amino acid, phenylalanine (PHE)

Question 68

What does an accumulation of PHE result in?

Answer 68

demyelination and, later, neuronal loss

Question 69

What are the most common causes of dementia?

Answer 69

- multiple infarcts - Alzheimer’s disease (AD) - diffuse Lewy body disease - Parkinson’s dementia - chronic traumatic encephalopathy

Question 70

What causes Alzheimer’s disease?

Answer 70

Altered brain endothelial cells which leads to blood-brain barrier malfunction and release factors injurious or toxic to neurons

Question 71

What is the most common learning disability?

Answer 71

dyslexia

Question 72

What is alien hand syndrome?

Answer 72

the involuntary, uncontrollable movement of the upper limb

Question 73

What may cause alien hand syndrome?

Answer 73

damage to a variety of cortical and subcortical structures or by callosotomy

Question 74

What are the 3 approaches to recovering from a stroke?

Answer 74

- Compensation approaches - Remediation approaches - Motor control approaches

Question 75

What are somatoform disorders?

Answer 75

Emotional distress that is subconsciously converted into physical symptoms

Question 76

_______ disorders are described as inflexible, maladaptive patterns of inner experience and behavior.

Answer 76

Personality

Question 77

What are the 3 general types of personality disorders?

Answer 77

- eccentric - acting out - fearful

Question 78

What are delusions?

Answer 78

false beliefs, despite evidence to the contrary

Question 79

What are hallucinations?

Answer 79

sensory perceptions experienced without corresponding sensory stimuli

Question 80

What is mania?

Answer 80

excessive excitement, euphoria, delusions, and overactivity

Question 81

What is depression?

Answer 81

a syndrome of hopelessness and a sense of worthlessness, with aberrant thoughts and behavior

Question 82

People with depression have reduced levels of _____ metabolites in their cerebrospinal fluid.

Answer 82

serotonin

Question 83

What is anxiety?

Answer 83

the feeling of tension or uneasiness that accompanies anticipating danger

Question 84

What is panic disorder?

Answer 84

An episode of intense fear that begins abruptly and lasts 10 to 15 minutes.

Question 85

People with OCD have _____ activity in dorsal, cognitive prefrontal areas combined with ______ activity in ventral, emotion-related prefrontal-striate circuits, and ______ amygdala activity.

Answer 85

decreased increased increased

Question 86

What can defined as a group of disorders consisting of disordered thinking, delusions, hallucinations, lack of motivation, apathy, and social withdrawal?

Answer 86

Schizophrenia

Question 87

What are neural prostheses?

Answer 87

devices that substitute for a diseased or an injured part of the nervous system to enhance function

Question 88

What are 2 examples of neural prostheses?

Answer 88

deep-brain stimulation (DBS) and brain-computer interfaces

Question 89

Deep-Brain Stimulation is most frequently used by those with what disease?

Answer 89

Parkinson’s

Question 90

Deep-Brain Stimulation to which areas of the brain are effective in treating depression?

Answer 90

ventral striatum or area 25