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REPOSITORY - Head and Neck Anatomy > Cervical Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

Cervical Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

what does the somatic nervous system control

A

voluntary movement

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2
Q

what does the autonomic nervous system control

A

viscera of body (involuntary response)

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3
Q

what does the sympathetic nervous system innervate

A

periphery

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4
Q

what does the parasympathetic nervous system innervate

A

core of body

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5
Q

when is there an increase in sympathetic activity

A

in times of stress, fear and anxiety

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6
Q

when is there an increase in parasympathetic activity

A

when sedentary

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7
Q

what is the function of the autonomic nervous system

A

control involuntary physiological processes

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8
Q

what do autonomic pathways consist of

A

2 neurons which synapse in a ganglion

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9
Q

what is the myelination of pre and post ganglionic neurons in the ANS

A

preganglionic are myelinated and postganglionic are non-myelinated

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10
Q

which nervous system has a longer preganglionic neuron

A

parasympathetic

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11
Q

what are the 2 neurotransmitters used for communication in ANS

A

acetylcholine and noradrenaline

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12
Q

what are neurons that release acetylcholine called?

A

cholinergic fibres

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13
Q

what are neurons which release noradrenaline called

A

adrenergic fibres

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14
Q

where are the preganglionic neurons located in the parasympathetic nervous system

A

craniosacral - cranial segments (III, VII, IX, X), spinal segments (S2-S4) - closer to target organ

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15
Q

where are the preganglionic neurons located in the sympathetic nervous system

A

thoracolumbar (T1-L2)

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16
Q

what forms the sympathetic chain

A

paravertebral ganglia

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17
Q

where is the sympathetic chain

A

extends from the base of the skull to the coccyx where the left and right chains join at ganglion impar

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18
Q

what forms the stellate ganglion

A

C7 and T1 fusion

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19
Q

where do the preganglionic sympathetic neurons leave the spinal cord

A

through the ventral root

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20
Q

where do the preganglionic sympathetic neurons enter the ganglia of the sympathetic chain

A

via the white ramus communicans

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21
Q

what are the 3 options of what preganglionic sympathetic neurons can do once entering sympathetic chain

A

1 - synapse in the ganglia at SAME LEVEL
2 - travel up/down chain to synapse at DIFFERENT LEVEL
3 - exit ganglia via SPLANCHNIC NERVE

22
Q

where does the neurons of the sympathetic nervous system begin

A

in the thoracolumbar region

23
Q

where do the preganglionic neurons on the sympathetic nervous system synapse

A

the cervical ganglia

24
Q

what are the cervical ganglia

A

superior, middle and inferior

25
Q

where is the superior cervical ganglion

A

C1/C2 near mastoid process

26
Q

where is the middle cervical ganglion

A

C6

27
Q

where is the inferior cervical ganglion

A

C7

28
Q

where is the stellate/cervicothoracic ganglion

A

near the superior thoracic aperture (anterior to the transverse process of C7 vertebra) C7&T1

29
Q

where does the middle cervical ganglion lie

A

anterior aspect of inferior thyroid artery and at level of cricoid cartilage and transverse process of C6

30
Q

which ganglion is good for spotting the sympathetic trunk

A

superior ganglion

31
Q

how do the post-ganglionic axons from the superior cervical ganglion reach their target organs in the head?

A

by forming a plexus around the common carotid artery and its branches

32
Q

what are the branches off of the superior cervical ganglion

A

ICA and ECA, cervical spinal nerves (C1-C4), pharynx, superior cardiac nerves

33
Q

what are the branches off of the middle cervical ganglion

A

cervical spinal nerve (C5,C6), middle cardiac nerves

34
Q

what are the branches off of the inferior cervical ganglion

A

vertebral artery, cervical spinal nerves (C7-T1; C7 and C8 to brachial plexus), inferior cardiac nerves

35
Q

what does the cervical ganglia innervate

A

eyes, eyelids, lacrimal glands, carotid body, salivary glands, sweat glands

36
Q

what is Horners syndrome

A

damage to cervical sympathetic trunk resulting in absence of sympathetically stimulated functions on ipsilateral side of head

37
Q

what are the signs of Horners syndrome

A

constriction of pupil (miosis), drooping of superior eyelid (ptosis), vasodilation and absence of sweating on face/neck

38
Q

which ganglia are prevertebral ganglia and lie ventral to the aorta

A

celiac, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric

39
Q

what is the adrenal medulla supplied by

A

sympathetic pre-ganglionic neurons

40
Q

what do the sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the adrenal medulla synapse with

A

chromaffin cells

41
Q

what do the chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla release

A

adrenaline and noradrenaline into the bloodstream

42
Q

where do the preganglionic neurons of CNIII travel to and which nucleus does it come from?

A

from edinger-westphal nucleus in brainsteam to ciliary ganglion

43
Q

where do the postganglionic neurons of the CNIII travel to

A

innervate ciliary muscle and sphincter pupillae

44
Q

where does CNVII travel to and which nucleus and ganglia does it come from

A

superior salvatory nucleus in brainstem - pterygopalatine and submandibular ganglia - lacrimal gland, nasal mucosa, submandibular gland

45
Q

where does the CNIX travel to and which nucleus and ganglion does it come from

A

inferior salvatory nucleus to otic ganglion to parotid gland

46
Q

what are the nerves of the cranial parasympathetic system

A

CNIII, CNVII, CNIX

47
Q

where is the ciliary ganglion

A

between the optic nerve and the lateral rectus muscle

48
Q

where is the pterygopalatine ganglion

A

within the pterygopalatine fossa

49
Q

where is the submandibular ganglion

A

suspended from the lingual nerve, close to submandibular gland

50
Q

where is the otic ganglion

A

directly below foramen ovale in the infratemporal fossa, medial to third branch of trigeminal nerve, posterior to medial pterygoid muscle

51
Q

where does the vagus nerve (CNX) supply parasympathetic supply to

A

thorax and abdomen

52
Q

where do the presynaptic neurons of the vagus nerve travel in its parasympathetic nervous pathway

A

from dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve and nucleus ambiguous to postganglionic fibres near/within target organ

REPOSITORY - Head and Neck Anatomy (25 decks)

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