Ch 03 Flashcards by Scott Bower

The psychological desire to eat is referred to as ____.

A) appetite
B) satiety
C) obesity
D) hunger

A) appetite

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Our ability to taste food comes from our sense of _____.

A) texture
B) smell
C) sight
D) temperature

B) smell

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Appetite can be aroused by _____.

A) hunger
B) cravings
C) physiological cues
D) gastric disturbances

B) cravings

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The hypothalamus ____.

A) triggers hunger
B) stimulates appetite
C) promotes the feeling of well-being
D) tells us when we need more glucose

A) triggers hunger

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After eating, we experience _____.

A) a feeling of hunger
B) a little irritability
C) a distended stomach
D) low blood sugar

C) a distended stomach

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The cell membrane ____.

A) is the source of energy for the cell
B) regulates the direction and flow of substances into and out of the cell
C) transmits signals to other parts of the body
D) is part of the digestive system

B) regulates the direction and flow of substances into and out of the cell

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Digestion begins in the _____.

A) mouth
B) stomach
C) small intestine
D) large intestine

A) mouth

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Digestion is the process by which foods are ____.

A) broken down into their component molecules
B) transported to the various parts of the body
C) removed from the body
D) taken across the walls of the intestine

A) broken down into their component molecules

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Which of the following is a function of sphincter muscles?

A) release enzymes and hormones into the GI tract
B) control passage of food through the GI tract
C) control peristalsis
D) emulsify food particles

B) control passage of food through the GI tract

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Most digestion and absorption takes place in the ____.

A) mouth
B) stomach
C) gall bladder
D) small intestine

D) small intestine

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Gastric juice includes ____.

A) hydrochloric acid
B) pancreatic lipase
C) bile
D) chyme

A) hydrochloric acid

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Hormones are ____.

A) digestive enzymes
B) chemical messengers that are secreted into the blood
C) sources of energy
D) fat soluble nutrients

B) chemical messengers that are secreted into the blood

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The function of mucus in the stomach is to ____.

A) neutralize stomach acid
B) provide the intrinsic factor
C) protect stomach cells from autodigestion
D) maintain peristalsis

C) protect stomach cells from autodigestion

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The pancreas manufactures ____.

A) glycogen
B) hydrochloric acid
C) intrinsic factor
D) digestive enzymes

D) digestive enzymes

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Bile ____.

A) digests the fat
B) emulsifies the fat
C) neutralizes the fat
D) contracts the gallbladder

B) emulsifies the fat

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The ____ of the small intestine is designed for absorption.

A) lining
B) lacteals
C) lymph
D) enzymes

A) lining

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The mechanism for nutrient absorption requiring energy is ____.

A) passive diffusion
B) facilitated diffusion
C) active transport
D) osmosis

C) active transport

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Fats and fat-soluble vitamins are transported through _____.

A) lymph
B) osmosis
C) portal circulation
D) active transport

A) lymph

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The liver is the first stop for most absorbed nutrients because it ____.

A) controls blood flow to the heart
B) is the end point for the portal vein
C) lies so close to the intestine
D) responds by making the correct amount of glycogen

B) is the end point for the portal vein

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Coordination and regulation of digestion is directed by the _____.

A) satiety regulatory mechanism
B) active transport
C) energy requirement
D) neuromuscular system

D) neuromuscular system

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Upper chest pain that is caused by acid flowing back into the esophagus from the stomach is called ____.

A) stomach ulceration
B) hemorrhoid
C) irritable bowel
D) heartburn

D) heartburn

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A strategy for someone experiencing heartburn is ____.

A) eating high fat meals
B) lying down after eating
C) snacking at bedtime
D) consuming small meals

D) consuming small meals

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A strategy for preventing constipation is to ____.

A) use a laxative when needed
B) reduce water intake
C) include more cheese in the diet
D) eat more high-fiber foods

D) eat more high-fiber foods

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Flatus is ____.

A) caused by swallowing water
B) the result of malabsorption diseases
C) considered normal
D) due to ulcers

C) considered normal

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Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is ____. A) aggravated by cigarette smoking B) prevalent mainly during pregnancy C) found mainly among lean persons D) associated with Celiac disease

A) aggravated by cigarette smoking

Secreted by the GI tract, this hormone may play a role in weight control, and cardiovascular health. A) intrinsic factor B) cholecystokinin (CCK) C) ghrelin D) somatostatin

C) ghrelin

T/F Sometimes you may have an appetite even though you are not hungry.

True

T/F Your stomach is the primary organ responsible for telling you when you are hungry.

False

T/F If you eat only small amounts of food, overtime, your stomach will permanently shrink.

False

T/F The entire process of the digestion and absorption of one meal takes about 24 hours.

True

T/F Most ulcers result from a type of infection.

True

The region of brain tissue that is responsible for prompting us to seek food is the ___. A) hypothalamus. B) pituitary gland. C) satiety center. D) satiety center.

Hypothalamus

In traveling through your GI tract, chyme would encounter ___. A) the jejunum, then the transverse colon, the ascending colon, and finally the anus. B) the duodenum, then the jejunum, and then the ileum. C) the liver, then the gallbladder, and then the pancreas. D) the esophagus, then the stomach.

the duodenum, then the jejunum, and then the ileum.

The parietal cells of the stomach secrete hydrochloric acid, which ___. A) begins to digest carbohydrates. B) begins to denature proteins. C) accomplishes protein digestion. D) is more acidic than battery acid.

begins to denature proteins.

Which of the following statements about chemical digestion is true? A) Upon release into the GI tract, digestive enzymes typically facilitate hydrolysis reactions. B) Hormones are nearly always produced in the same organ whose activity they assist. C) Enzymes are chemical messenger molecules that are important in regulating many aspects of digestion. D) Most hormones and enzymes involved in digestion are nonspecific, acting on a wide variety of compounds.

Upon release into the GI tract, digestive enzymes typically facilitate hydrolysis reactions.

Bile is a greenish fluid that ___. A) emulsifies lipids. B) is necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12. C) is produced by the gallbladder. D) is stored by the pancreas.

emulsifies lipids.

The lining of the small intestine ___. A) has muscular ridges called rugae that flatten to increase its absorptive capacity. B) has absorptive cells called enterocytes that line the microvilli. C) is studded with lymph nodes that absorb nutrients from the chyme. D) has fingerlike projections called villi that contain capillaries and a lacteal that pick up absorbed nutrients.

has fingerlike projections called villi that contain capillaries and a lacteal that pick up absorbed nutrients.

A process in which nutrients are shuttled across enterocytes with the help of a carrier protein but no use of energy is ___. A) passive diffusion. B) active transport. C) endocytosis. D) facilitated diffusion.

facilitated diffusion.

Which of the following processes moves food along the entire GI tract? A) haustration B) segmentation C) peristalsis. D) mass movement

peristalsis.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease is caused ___. A) when a hypersensitivity immune response triggers inflammation of the esophagus and stomach. B) by ulceration of the lining of the colon. C) by an inappropriate response of enteric nerves to stress. D) by pooling of gastric juice in the lower esophagus. Gastroesophageal reflux is not mediated by the immune system.

by pooling of gastric juice in the lower esophagus. Gastroesophageal reflux is not mediated by the immune system.

Colorectal cancer ___. A) accounts for nearly one-fourth of all cancers of the gastrointestinal system. B) can be successfully treated during a colonoscopy. C) can be detected with a screening test before it produces signs or symptoms. D) is the most common cancer in both men and women.

can be detected with a screening test before it produces signs or symptoms.

T/F Hunger is more physiological, and appetite is more psychological.

True

T/F Vitamins and minerals are digested in the small intestine.

False

T/F The pancreas secretes inactive enzymes, hormones, and bicarbonate.

True

T/F The nerves in the walls of the GI tract are part of the central nervous system.

False

T/F Acute diarrhea is typically protective.

True

After Michael eats breakfast, his GI tract begins the process of digesting and absorbing the nutrients from his meal. What is the sequence in which each of the organs of the GI tract will work to achieve this process? A) mouth: esophagus: small intestine: stomach: large intestine B) mouth: stomach: esophagus: large intestine: small intestine C) mouth: stomach: esophagus: small intestine: large intestine D) mouth: esophagus: stomach: small intestine: large intestine

D) mouth: esophagus: stomach: small intestine: large intestine

T/F The cerebral cortex is the part of the brain that is responsible for satiety, or feeling full.

False

Which of the following statements is/are true regarding satiety and hunger? A) An increase in blood glucose levels stimulates the pancreas to release insulin and the hypothalamus to perceive satiety. B) Glucagon, released from the pancreas when blood glucose levels are low, stimulates the hypothalamus to perceive hunger. C) Signals from the stomach and small intestine stimulate the hypothalamus to perceive satiety and hunger. D) All of these statements are true.

D) All of these statements are true.

T/F The type and amount of food you eat can stimulate appetite.

True

T/F The pyloric sphincter regulates the release of chyme from the stomach to the small intestine.

True

T/F The hormone pepsin is produced in the large intestine.

False

Which of the following characteristics BEST describe the majority of meals offered at fast-food restaurants? A) high in total fat, low in Calories, low in carbohydrates B) high in enriched grains, high in sodium, low in sugar C) high in Calories, high in total fat, high in sodium D) high in sodium, high in protein, high in fiber

C) high in Calories, high in total fat, high in sodium

T/F Untreated diarrhea can be fatal in young children.

True

T/F Proteases are enzymes that help digest proteins.

True

T/F Gastric lipase produced in the stomach begins the process of lipid digestion.

True

A muscle located at the end of the esophagus must relax before the bolus can enter the stomach. This muscle is called the _____. A) ileocecal valve B) pyloric sphincter C) gastroesophageal or lower esophageal sphincter D) cecum

C) gastroesophageal or lower esophageal sphincter

Which of the following is a hormone that is responsible for increasing the number of mucosal cells in the stomach? A) gastrin B) secretin C) cholecystokinin (CCK) D) gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)

A) gastrin

The main role of the esophagus in digestion is to: A) release bile for fat emulsification. B) initiate the chemical breakdown of carbohydrates. C) compact food into feces. D) transport food to the stomach.

D) transport food to the stomach.

What is chyme? A) an ulceration of the esophageal lining B) healthy bacteria of the small intestine C) a mixture of partially digested food, water, and gastric juices D) a substance that allows for the emulsification of dietary lipid

C) a mixture of partially digested food, water, and gastric juices

Chyme remains in the stomach for at least 2 hours because: A) it must be converted to a much less acidic pH before entering the duodenum. B) the ileocecal valve is too small to pass it all at once. C) the small intestine can hold only a small fraction of the stomach volume at a time. D) moving food into the small intestine too quickly can lead to an ulcer.

C) the small intestine can hold only a small fraction of the stomach volume at a time.

Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is secreted by which cells in the stomach? A) enterocytes B) mucus neck cells C) chief cells D) parietal cells

D) parietal cells

Intrinsic factor is secreted by the parietal cells of the stomach and is necessary for absorption of which vitamin? A) B12 B) B3 C) folate D) K

A) B12

The first section of the small intestine is called the: A) bile duct. B) duodenum. C) jejunum. D) ileum.

B) duodenum.

Beneficial bacteria created in the large intestine are consumed intentionally in ____ foods. A) aseptic B) diuretic C) probiotic D) organic

C) probiotic

Food is digested through chemical reactions involving the addition of water molecules. This process is known as: A) reduction. B) oxidation. C) dehydration. D) hydrolysis.

D) hydrolysis.

In which organ does the majority of beneficial bacteria occur? A) mouth B) stomach C) small intestine D) large intestine

D) large intestine

The hormone _____ is released after the ingestion of a meal and triggers the stomach to release digestive juices. A) leptin B) insulin C) gastrin D) amylase

C) gastrin

Responding to the presence of protein and fat in our meal, cholecystokinin (CCK) signals the gallbladder to release a substance called: A) lipase. B) pepsin. C) chyme. D) bile.

D) bile.

Which of the following organs is responsible for the manufacture and secretion of many digestive enzymes and bicarbonate? A) liver B) stomach C) pancreas D) gallbladder

C) pancreas

Bile reduces lipids to smaller globules and then disperses them to aid digestion. This process is called: A) liquefaction. B) oxidation. C) hydration. D) emulsification.

D) emulsification.

Bicarbonate is released into the duodenum during the process of digestion. Why? A) to neutralize the acidic chyme B) to activate hormonal release of bile C) to digest fats/oils D) to lubricate the villi of the small intestine

A) to neutralize the acidic chyme

Which GI tract hormone plays a role in stimulating eating? A) gastrin B) ghrelin C) secretin D) parathyroid hormone

B) ghrelin

Bile is produced by the: A) gallbladder. B) liver. C) stomach. D) pancreas.

B) liver.

The microvilli in the small intestine are collectively called the: A) enterocytes. B) lacteals. C) brush border. D) rugae.

C) brush border.

Which large vessel transports absorbed nutrients to the liver? A) hepatic portal vein B) pulmonary vein C) aorta D) subclavian vein

A) hepatic portal vein

Immediately after absorption, what circulatory system carries most of the fat-soluble nutrients? A) vascular B) mesenteric C) lymphatic D) enterohepatic

C) lymphatic

The ____ located in the walls of the GI tract helps control digestion, absorption, and elimination. A) peripheral nervous system B) hepatic nervous system C) enteric nervous system D) gastric nervous system

C) enteric nervous system

For many people suffering from GERD, the ____ is malfunctioning. A) gallbladder B) pancreas C) epiglottis D) gastroesophageal sphincter

D) gastroesophageal sphincter

Which of the following would be an appropriate treatment approach for someone suffering from GERD? A) surgical removal of the gallbladder B) omission of all lactose foods C) antibiotic therapy D) weight loss and smoking cessation

D) weight loss and smoking cessation

What is the primary cause of peptic ulcers? A) stress B) H. pylori bacteria C) prolonged use of aspirin D) eating too many spicy foods

B) H. pylori bacteria

Which of the following treatments would be appropriate for treating a peptic ulcer? A) antibiotics B) aspirin C) ibuprofen D) eliminating spicy foods from the diet

A) antibiotics

Which protein will trigger an immune response in a person with celiac disease? A) amylase B) gluten C) albumin D) egg whites

B) gluten

Barbara has just been diagnosed with celiac disease. Which of the following foods would be MOST dangerous for her to consume? A) cornflakes B) rice cakes C) potatoes D) whole-wheat bread

D) whole-wheat bread

What type of damage does Crohn's disease cause to the GI tract? A) permanently opened gastroesophageal sphincter B) blockage of the hepatic portal vein C) gastric ulcers D) inflammation of the small intestine

D) inflammation of the small intestine

How do the liver and gallbladder function together in the process of digestion? A) Carbohydrate digestion begins in the liver and concludes in the gallbladder. B) Both help mechanically process waste into feces. C) The liver produces bile, and the gallbladder releases it for fat emulsification. D) The liver produces digestive enzymes, and the gallbladder releases them.

C) The liver produces bile, and the gallbladder releases it for fat emulsification.

How do the pancreas and small intestine function together in the process of digestion? A) The pancreas produces hydrochloric acid (HCl) and releases it to the small intestine. B) The pancreas stores inactive digestive enzymes, and they are activated in the small intestine. C) The pancreas produces bile, and the small intestine releases it for fat emulsification. D) The pancreas absorbs remaining nutrients and passes them to the small intestine.

B) The pancreas stores inactive digestive enzymes, and they are activated in the small intestine.

What is the primary cause of malabsorption in people with celiac disease? A) damage to the villi of the small intestine B) an ulcer C) damage to the lining of the esophagus D) presence of sulfur in the GI tract

A) damage to the villi of the small intestine

Which structure keeps swallowed food from entering the trachea? A) tonsils B) soft palate C) epiglottis D) upper esophageal sphincter

C) epiglottis

During digestion, hydrochloric acid (HCl) produced in the stomach begins the process of: A) carbohydrate digestion. B) denaturing proteins. C) fat emulsification. D) neutralizing acidic chyme.

B) denaturing proteins.

The immune-supporting antibodies found in breast milk are absorbed through the process of: A) passive diffusion. B) facilitated diffusion. C) endocytosis. D) enterocytosis.

C) endocytosis.

Driven by a concentration gradient, lipids are absorbed through the process of: A) passive diffusion. B) facilitated diffusion. C) active transport. D) endocytosis.

A) passive diffusion.

Which hormone stimulates the pancreas to release acid-neutralizing bicarbonate? A) gastrin B) secretin C) cholecystokinin (CCK) D) gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)

B) secretin

Which hormone is involved in slowing down the production of gastric acid and stimulating the release of insulin? A) gastrin B) secretin C) cholecystokinin (CCK) D) gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)

D) gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)