Ch 09: Life Span

Question 1

accommodation

Answer 1

adjustment of a schema by changing a scheme to accommodate new information different from what was already known

Question 2

adolescence

Answer 2

period of development that begins at puberty and ends at early adulthood

Question 3

assimilation

Answer 3

adjustment of a schema by adding information similar to what is already known

Question 4

attachment

Answer 4

long-standing connection or bond with others

Question 5

conception

Answer 5

when a sperm fertilizes an egg and forms a zygote

Question 6

conservation

Answer 6

idea that even if you change the appearance of something, it is still equal in size, volume, or number as long as nothing is added or removed

Question 7

critical periods

Answer 7

time during fetal growth when specific parts or organs develop

Question 8

developmental milestones

Answer 8

approximate ages at which children reach specific normative events

Question 9

egocentrism

Answer 9

preoperational child’s difficulty in taking the perspective of others

Question 10

embryo

Answer 10

multi-cellular organism in its early stages of development

Question 11

embryonic stage (weeks 3-8)

Answer 11

the heart begins to beat and organs form and begin to function. the neural tube forms along the back of the embryo, developing into the spinal cord

Question 12

emerging adulthood

Answer 12

newly defined period of lifespan development from 18 years old to the mid-20s; young people are taking longer to complete college, get a job, get married, and start a family

Question 13

fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD)

Answer 13

a collection of birth defects associated with heavy consumption of alcohol during pregnancy

Question 14

fetal stage (9-40)

Answer 14

when the organism is about nine weeks old, the embryo is called a fetus

Question 15

germinal stage (weeks 1-2)

Answer 15

the mass of cells has yet to attach itself to the lining of the mother’s uterus. once it does the next stage begins

Question 16

mary ainsworth and 4 attachment styles

Answer 16

secure; avoidant; resistant; disorganized

Question 17

motor skills

Answer 17

ability to move our body and manipulate objects

Question 18

object permanence

Answer 18

idea that even if something is out of sight, it still exists

Question 19

schema/schemata

Answer 19

concept (mental model) that is used to help us categorize and interpret information

Question 20

secure base

Answer 20

parental presence that gives the infant/toddler a sense of safety as he explores his surroundings

Question 21

strange situation

Answer 21

experiment that tests the different types of attachment

Question 22

stranger anxiety

Answer 22

appears around the sensorimotor stage (0-2); results when a child is unable to assimilate the stranger into an existing schema; therefore, she can’t predict what her experience with that stranger will be like, which results in a feat response

Question 23

teratogen

Answer 23

biological, chemical, or physical environmental agent that causes damage to the developing embryo or fetus

Question 24

temperament

Answer 24

innate traits that influence how one thinks, behaves, and reacts with the environment

Question 25

zygote

Answer 25

structure created when a sperm and egg merge at conception; begins as a single cell and rapidly divides to form the embryo and placenta

Question 26

avoidant attachment

Answer 26

characterized by child’s unresponsiveness to parent, does not use the parent as a secure base, and does not care if parent leaves

Question 27

disorganized attachment

Answer 27

characterized by the child’s odd behavior when faced with the parent; type of attachment seen most often with kids that are abused

Question 28

resistant attachment

Answer 28

characterized by the child’s tendency to show clingy behavior and rejection of the parent when she attempts to interact with the child

Question 29

secure attachment

Answer 29

characterized by the child using the parent as a secure base from which to explore

Question 30

piaget’s stages of cognitive development

Answer 30

sensorimotor; preoperational; concrete operational; formal operational

Question 31

sensorimotor stage

Answer 31

first stage in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development; from birth through age 2, a child learns about the world through senses and motor behavior

Question 32

preoperational stage

Answer 32

second stage in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development; from ages 2 to 7, children learn to use symbols and language but do not understand mental operations and often think illogically

Question 33

concrete operational stage

Answer 33

third stage in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development; from about 7 to 11 years old, children can think logically about real (concrete) events

Question 34

formal operational stage

Answer 34

final stage in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development; from age 11 and up, children are able to deal with abstract ideas and hypothetical situations

Question 35

psychosexual development

Answer 35

process proposed by Freud in which pleasure-seeking urges focus on different erogenous zones of the body as humans move through five stages of life

Question 36

psychosocial development

Answer 36

process proposed by Erikson in which social tasks are mastered as humans move through eight stages of life from infancy to adulthood