Ch 06: Learning

Question 1

acquisition

Answer 1

period of initial learning in classical conditioning in which a human or an animal begins to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus will begin to elicit the conditioned response

Question 2

associative learning

Answer 2

form of learning that involves connecting certain stimuli or events that occur together in the environment (classical and operant conditioning)

Question 3

classical conditioning

Answer 3

learning in which the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired or associated with the behavior

Question 4

cognitive map

Answer 4

mental picture of the layout of the environment

Question 5

conditioned response (CR)

Answer 5

response caused by the conditioned stimulus

Question 6

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Answer 6

stimulus that elicits a response due to its being paired with an unconditioned stimulus

Question 7

continuous reinforcement

Answer 7

rewarding a behavior every time it occurs

Question 8

extinction

Answer 8

decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the conditioned stimulus

Question 9

fixed interval reinforcement schedule

Answer 9

behavior is rewarded after a set amount of time

Question 10

fixed ratio reinforcement schedule

Answer 10

set number of responses must occur before a behavior is rewarded

Question 11

habituation

Answer 11

when we learn not to respond to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly without change

Question 12

higher-order conditioning

Answer 12

(also, second-order conditioning) using a conditioned stimulus to condition a neutral stimulus

Question 13

instinct

Answer 13

unlearned knowledge, involving complex patterns of behavior; instincts are thought to be more prevalent in lower animals than in humans

Question 14

latent learning

Answer 14

learning that occurs, but it may not be evident until there is a reason to demonstrate it

Question 15

law of effect

Answer 15

behavior that is followed by consequences satisfying to the organism will be repeated and behaviors that are followed by unpleasant consequences will be discouraged

Question 16

learning

Answer 16

change in behavior or knowledge that is the result of experience

Question 17

model

Answer 17

person who performs a behavior that serves as an example (in observational learning)

Question 18

negative punishment

Answer 18

taking away a pleasant stimulus to decrease or stop a behavior

Question 19

negative reinforcement

Answer 19

taking away an undesirable stimulus to increase a behavior

Question 20

neutral stimulus (NS)

Answer 20

stimulus that does not initially elicit a response

Question 21

observational learning

Answer 21

type of learning that occurs by watching others

Question 22

operant conditioning

Answer 22

form of learning in which the stimulus/experience happens after the behavior is demonstrated

Question 23

partial reinforcement

Answer 23

rewarding behavior only some of the time

Question 24

positive punishment

Answer 24

adding an undesirable stimulus to stop or decrease a behavior

Question 25

positive reinforcement

Answer 25

adding a desirable stimulus to increase a behavior

Question 26

primary reinforcer

Answer 26

has innate reinforcing qualities (e.g., food, water, shelter, sex)

Question 27

punishment

Answer 27

implementation of a consequence in order to decrease a behavior

Question 28

reflex

Answer 28

unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment

Question 29

reinforcement

Answer 29

implementation of a consequence in order to increase a behavior

Question 30

secondary reinforcer

Answer 30

has no inherent value unto itself and only has reinforcing qualities when linked with something else (e.g., money, gold stars, poker chips)

Question 31

shaping

Answer 31

rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior

Question 32

spontaneous recovery

Answer 32

return of a previously extinguished conditioned response

Question 33

stimulus discrimination

Answer 33

ability to respond differently to similar stimuli

Question 34

stimulus generalization

Answer 34

demonstrating the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus

Question 35

unconditioned response (UCR)

Answer 35

natural (unlearned) behavior to a given stimulus

Question 36

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Answer 36

stimulus that elicits a reflexive response

Question 37

variable interval reinforcement schedule

Answer 37

behavior is rewarded after unpredictable amounts of time have passed

Question 38

variable ratio reinforcement schedule

Answer 38

number of responses differ before a behavior is rewarded

Question 39

vicarious punishment

Answer 39

process where the observer sees the model punished, making the observer less likely to imitate the model’s behavior

Question 40

vicarious reinforcement

Answer 40

process where the observer sees the model rewarded, making the observer more likely to imitate the model’s behavior

Question 41

bandura

Answer 41

the guy that experimented with observational learning; 4 phases

Question 42

behavior modification

Answer 42

uses the principles of operant conditioning to accomplish behavior change so that undesirable behaviors are switched to more socially acceptable ones

Question 43

bobo doll experiment

Answer 43

children watching adults beat up a bobo doll; if they got punished then the children would treat the bobo doll differently; if the adult wasn’t punished then the child would also beat up the bobo doll

Question 44

conditioned emotional response

Answer 44

any negative emotional response, typically fear or anxiety, that becomes associated with a neutral stimulus as a result of classical conditioning

Question 45

learned helplessness (ch 14)

Answer 45

pretty self-explanatory the sad dog story

Question 46

little albert

Answer 46

the experiment with the kid that ended up with him having a phobia for furry things because Watson conditioned him

Question 47

pavlov

Answer 47

the classical conditioning guy

Question 48

skinner

Answer 48

operant conditioning guy

Question 49

taste aversion

Answer 49

eating something bad one time and never eating it again

Question 50

watson

Answer 50

believed human emotions could be conditioned; little albert experiment

Question 51

4 phases of observational learning

Answer 51

attention, retention, reproduction, motivation

Question 52

social learning theory

Answer 52

suggests that social behavior is learned by observing and imitating the behavior of others