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KNPE 452 > CH 1 > Flashcards

CH 1 Flashcards

(56 cards)

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1
Q

smooth muscle

A

involuntary, hollow organs like bronchioles, GI tract, blood vessels
not striated

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2
Q

cardiac muscle

A

involuntary, heart

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3
Q

skeletal muscle

A

voluntary, needs neural stimulation

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4
Q

mysium

A

connective sheaths that transfer force production

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5
Q

epimysium

A

surrounds the entire muscle

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6
Q

perimysium

A

surrounds singular fasciculus

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7
Q

fasciculus

A

bundle of muscle fibers

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8
Q

endomysium

A

surrounds individual muscle fiber

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9
Q

tendon

A

connects muscle to bone

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10
Q

sarcolemma

A

the plasma membrane of a muscle fiber

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11
Q

transverse tubules

A

enfolding of the sarcolemma

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12
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

wrap completely around the fiber, stores Ca+2

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13
Q

myofibrils

A

column containing myofilaments

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14
Q

mitochondria

A

ATP production

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15
Q

sarcomere

A

the functional unit of a myofibril, Z-line to Z-line

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16
Q

myofilaments

A

contractile filaments of a sarcomere (actin and myosin)

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17
Q

actin

A

thin contains myosin-binding sites

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18
Q

myosin

A

thick contains head to form cross-bridge

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19
Q

tropomyosin

A

lies within the groove of actin

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20
Q

troponin complex

A

protein bound to tropomyosin, Ca+2 binds

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21
Q

alpha-motor neurons

A

innervate muscle fibers

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22
Q

motor unit

A

single alpha-motor neuron and all its fibers it innervates

more motor units = more force

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23
Q

neuromuscular junction

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A

site of communication between neuron and muscle

24
Q

ligand-gate channel

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A

opens in response to binding of a chemical messenger (neurotransmitter)

25
voltage-gated channel
opens by changes in electrical membrane potential near the channel (depolarization)
26
skeletal muscle charge at rest
-90mV
27
action potential
occur in response to depolarization (becomes more +)
28
ion responsible for depolarization
Na+
29
ion responsible for repolarization
K+
30
voltage-gate Ca+2 channel
allows Ca+2 to enter when depolarized
31
ACh
neurotransmitter released within the synaptic cleft
32
motor endplate
part of the muscle at the NMJ
33
steps of an action potential
1) motor neuron AP travels to the synaptic terminal 2) AP opens Ca+2 channels 3) Ca+2 enters synaptic terminal, release ACh, ACh binds to Na+ ligand channels 4) Na+ enters, motor endplate depolarizes 5) Na+ enters muscle fiber, sarcolemma depolarizes (more+) 6) depolarization spreads across the sarcolemma 7) depolarization continues down t-tubules, depolarization of t-tubules 8)opens Ca+2 channels in SR, released from SR into the cytosol 9) Ca+2 binds to troponin causing conformational change to tropomyosin, exposes cross-bridge binding sites on actin
34
cross-bridge formation
1) cross-bridge binds to actin, depolarization, Ca+2 binds to troponin, cross-bridge site exposed, myosin heads energized, binds to actin 2) ADP + Pi released from cross-bridge, results in Powerstroke of cross-bridge, sarcomere shortens 3) ATP binds to myosin cross-bridge, detach actin 4) hydrolysis of ATP energizes cross-bridge, myosin reenergized
35
sliding filament theory
always begins with depolarization 1) Ca+2 released from SR 2) Ca+2 binds to troponin, conformational change to tropomyosin 3) cross-bridge binding sites on actin become exposed 4) energized myosin heads bind actin 5) ADP + Pi release from cross-bridge, Powerstroke 6) sarcomere shortens 7) ATP binds to myosin cross-bridge 8) cross-bridge release from actin 9) myosin ATPase breaks down ATP, release energy captured by the myosin head 9) myosin head reenergized
36
a-band
length of myosin molecule, unchanged with length, contain both actin and myosin
37
I-bands
contain only actin, length reduced
38
H-zone
contains only myosin, length reduced
39
Z-lines
borders of the sarcomere
40
type I muscle fiber
slow-twitch, response to single AP, slow oxidative, high fatigue, high oxidative capacity,
41
type II
fast-twitch, larger
42
type IIa
fast oxidative/glycolytic (FOG), small cell body,
43
type IIx
fast glycolytic (FG)
44
type I during exercise
high aerobic endurance, maintain exercise for long times, requires oxygen, recruited during low intensity, daily activities, uses fat for ATP
45
type IIa during exercise
fatigue quickly, faster, short, high-intensity endurance events
46
type IIx during exercise
short, explosive activities
47
fiber type determinants
genetics training factors aging
48
recruitment order
type I, type IIa, type IIx
49
size principle
as force requirements increase, there is orderly recruitment of progressively larger motor units directly related to the size of alpha-motor neuron
50
static (isometric) contraction
muscle produces force but doesn't change length, attempts Powerstroke but doesn't occur joint angle doesn't change myosin cross-bridge form and recycle, no sliding
51
dynamic contraction
muscle produces force and length, joint movement
52
concentric contraction
muscle shortens while producing force
53
eccentric contraction
muscle lengthens while producing force
54
two factors of generation of force
1) motor unit recruitment | 2) frequency of stimulation
55
length-tension relationship
optimal sarcomere length = optimal overlap | too short or too stretched = little or no force
56
speed-force relationship
"force-velocity relationship" | max force development decreases at higher speeds during concentric muscle actions

KNPE 452 (5 decks)

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