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KNPE 452 > Unit 2 Exam > Flashcards

Unit 2 Exam Flashcards

(107 cards)

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1
Q

atria

A

right and left

retrieving chambers

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2
Q

ventricles

A

right and left

pumping chambers

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3
Q

right atria

A

superior and inferior vena cava empty here

receive deoxygenated blood from systemic

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4
Q

right ventricle

A

pump for pulmonary circulation

thin wall

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5
Q

the valve between the right atria and right ventricle

A

tricuspid valve

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6
Q

pulmonary semilunar valve

A

the right ventricle pumps into right and left pulmonary arteries

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7
Q

artery

A

takes blood away from the heart

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8
Q

veins

A

return blood to the heart

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9
Q

left artria

A

receive oxygenated blood from pulmonary circulation from pulmonary veins

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10
Q

left ventricle

A

pumps blood to the systemic circulation via the aorta

wall is thick

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11
Q

the valve between the left atria and left ventricle

A

mitral or biscupid valve

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12
Q

the valve between the left ventricle and aorta

A

aortic semilunar valve

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13
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

blood from the heart to the lungs to become oxygenated

RV to the pulmonary valve to pulmonary arteries to lungs to pulmonary veins to LA

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14
Q

systemic circulation

A

pumps oxygenated blood from the heart to the body becomes deoxygenated
LV to the aortic valve to the aorta to arteries to all of the body to veins to superior and inferior vena cava to RA

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15
Q

myocardial cells

A

small, branches, single nucleus

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16
Q

blood supply to the heart

A

coronary arteries

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17
Q

electric pathway of the heart

A

SA node, AV node, AV bundle, Purkinje fibers

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18
Q

SA node

A

the pacemaker of the heart
within the RA
stimulates contraction

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19
Q

AV node

A

delays and relays signal to the ventricles so they can fill with blood

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20
Q

AV bundle

A

relays signal to the RV and LV

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21
Q

Purkinje fibers

A

sends a signal to RV and LV

stimulate RV and LV contraction when depolarized

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22
Q

ECG

A

recording hearts electrical activity

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23
Q

P wave

A

atrial depolarization

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24
Q

QRS complex

A

ventricular depolarization

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25
T wave
ventricular repolarization
26
diastole
relaxation phase
27
systole
contraction phase
28
stroke volume
the volume of blood pumped in one heartbeat | SV = EDV - ESV
29
end-systolic volume
amount of blood within the ventricle after contraction | least blood volume within the ventricles
30
end-diastolic volume
amount of blood within the ventricles after relaxation | the highest blood volume of blood within the ventricles
31
ejection fraction
percent of EDV pumped | EF = SV / EDV
32
cardiac output
the total volume of blood pumped per minute | Q = HR * SV
33
resting Q
5 L/min
34
systolic pressure
the highest pressure in an artery | about 120 mmHg
35
diastolic pressure
the lowest pressure in the artery | about 80 mmHg
36
mean arterial pressure
average pressure within an artery over the entire cardiac cycle
37
Q during exercise
20-25 L/min
38
SV at rest
70 mL
39
ventilation
movement of air into and out of the lungs
40
respiration
gas exchange of O2 and CO2
41
tidal volume
the volume of inspired or expired air per breath
42
breathing rate
number of breaths taken per minute
43
minute ventilation
the volume of air breathed per minute | VE = TV * BR
44
a-VO2 difference
difference between arterial and venous O2
45
what drives gas exchange
partial pressures
46
the area where PO2 is high and PCO2 is low
the alveoli within the lungs, pulmonary veins, systemic arteries
47
the areas where PO2 is low and PCO2 is high
within the tissues (skeletal muscles), systemic veins, pulmonary arteries
48
transportation of O2 in the blood
O2 binds to the heme component of hemoglobin via iron the state determined by PO2 the high affinity between O2 and Hb Hb loads and unloads O2 based on PO2
49
factors that determine % oxygen-hemoglobin saturation
PO2, pH, temperature
50
3 ways to transport CO2
as bicarbonate ions bound to Hb dissolved in plasma
51
the a-VO2 difference at rest
5 mL/100mL blood
52
the a-vO2 difference with exercise
15 Ml/100mL blood
53
O2 capacity in arteries at rest
20 mL/100mL blood
54
O2 capacity in veins at rest
15 mL/100mL blood
55
O2 capacity in arteries with exercise
20 mL/100mL blood
56
O2 capacity in veins with exercise
5 mL/100mL blood
57
resting HR
60-100 bpm
58
hormones that increase HR
NE and E
59
max HR
220 - age
60
HR and increase in intensity
HR increases until a plateau or max
61
increase intensity and SV
increases up to 40 to 60% then plateau
62
max SV with exercise
110 mL
63
factors that influence SV
``` increase preload (EDV) increase NE and E = increase contractility ```
64
increase intensity and Q
increases with increase in intensity then plateau
65
cardiovascular Fick principle
``` VO2 = Q * (a-v)O2 difference OR VO2 = HR * SV * (a-v)O2 difference ```
66
symbolize O2 consumption
VO2
67
symbolize O2 flow
Q
68
symbolize O2 extraction
(a-v)O2 difference
69
cardiovascular drift
associated with increased core temperature and dehydration increase HR with constant exercise output within hot and humid environments HR drifts increase to compensate (Q maintained)
70
(a-v)O2 difference at rest
5 mL O2/100mL blood
71
(a-v)O2 difference with max exercise
15 mL/100mL blood
72
ventilatory threshold
the point, where L air breathed, is greater than O2 consumed associated with an increase in lactate and increase in PCO2 shifts to the right with training
73
the chamber that receives blood from pulmonary veins
left atria
74
the chamber that receives blood from superior and inferior vena cava
right atria
75
the chamber that receives oxygenated blood returning from the pulmonary circulation
left atria
76
the chamber that received deoxygenated blood returning from the systemic circulation
right atria
77
the chamber that serves as a pump for systemic circulation
left ventricle
78
the chamber that serves as the pump for pulmonary circulation
right ventricle
79
the intrinsic rate of depolarization of the heart
100 bpm
80
what division of the peripheral nervous system is responsible for extrinsic control of the heart
autonomic
81
division of the nervous system that increases HR above 100 bpm
sympathetic
82
division of the nervous system that decreases HR below 100 bpm
parasympathetic
83
neurotransmitter released from the vagus nerve in response to activation of the parasympathetic
ACh
84
hormone released from the adrenal glands in response to activation of the sympathetic
epinephrine
85
the force that drives blood flow
pressure
86
force that oppose blood flow
resistance
87
percentage of whole blood composed of the formed elements
hematocrit
88
oxygen-binding protein found in RBCs
hemoglobin
89
oxygen-binding sit on hemoglobin
heme (iron)
90
reflects oxygen extraction by tissues
a-vO2 difference
91
location of gas exchange in the lungs
alveoli
92
predominate factor for driving gas exchange
partial pressure gradient
93
predominant factor that determines percent oxyhemoglobin
PO2
94
the primary method of CO2 transport
bicarbonate
95
two factors induced by exercise that can promote oxygen unloading at tissues
decrease pH and increase temperature
96
location of the respiratory control centers
medulla oblongata | pons
97
primary stimulus to breathe
CO2
98
how does HR change with an increase in exercise intensity
proportional
99
how does increasing preload influence SV
increases SV
100
what factor is responsible for increasing SV is directly caused by NE and E
contractility
101
indicator of the total workload of the heart
rate pressure product
102
two areas that receive an increase in blood flow during exercise
skeletal muscles and skin
103
the factor of cardiac output that increases during cardiovascular drift
HR
104
the factor of cardiac output that decreases during cardiovascular drift
SV
105
what is released by endothelial cells in blood vessels and causes vasodilation
nitric oxide (NO)
106
first priority of cardiovascular system
maintaining blood pressure
107
exercise intensity at which ventilation increases disproportionally to oxygen consumption
ventilatory threshold

KNPE 452 (5 decks)

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