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KNPE 452 > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

epimysium

A

the outer layer that surrounds a muscle

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2
Q

perimysium

A

surrounds a singular fasciculus

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3
Q

endomysium

A

surrounds an individual muscle fiber

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4
Q

two main myofilaments

A

actin and myosin

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5
Q

sarcomere

A

the functional unit of myofibril, z-line to z-line

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6
Q

A-band

A

contains both actin and myosin

unchanged with length

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7
Q

I-band

A

contains only actin

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8
Q

H-zone

A

contains only myosin

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9
Q

steps of the neuromuscular junction

A

1) motor neuron AP travels to the synaptic terminal
2) AP opens Ca+2 channels, Ca+2 enters voltage-gated channels
3) ACh is released into the synaptic cleft and binds to Na+ ligand channels
4) Na+ depolarizes the motor endplate and the sarcolemma (more +)
5) muscle fiber AP initiation, opens voltage-gated Na+ channels
6) depolarization continues down the t-tubules and opens Ca+2 channels in SR
7) Ca+2 released from SR into the cytosol, Ca+2 is low at rest, and myosin is not bound to actin
8) Ca+2 binds to troponin causing conformational change to tropomyosin and exposed binding sites

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10
Q

cross-bridge formation

A

1) cross-bridge binds to actin, depolarization, Ca+2 binds to troponin and sites exposed, myosin heads energized binds actin
2) ADP + Pi released from cross-bridge, results in a Powerstroke
3) ATP binds to myosin cross-bridge, detach actin
4) Hydrolysis of ATP energizes cross-bridge, myosin re-energized, myosin heads ATPase break down ATP

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11
Q

type I fibers

A

slow-twitch, slow oxidative
weak in strength
highly resistant to fatigue

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12
Q

type IIa

A

fast oxidative glycolytic (FOG)

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13
Q

type IIx

A

fast glycolytic (FG)
strongest
least resistant to fatigue

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14
Q

Size Principle

A

as force requirements increase, there is orderly recruitment of progressively larger motor units

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15
Q

Force-Velocity

A

increase force = decrease velocity

max force development decreases at higher speeds during concentric muscle contraction

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16
Q

Length-Tension

A

optimal sarcomere length = optimal overlap

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17
Q

isometric

A

no change in muscle length

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18
Q

concentric

A

muscle shortens

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19
Q

eccentric

A

muscle lengthens

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20
Q

goal of bioenergetics

A

produce ATP from fuel sources using energy systems

food to ATP to power all biological work

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21
Q

metabolism

A

all chemical reactions in the body

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22
Q

anabolism

A

small to large; build

amino acids to protein

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23
Q

catabolism

A

large to small; break down

glucose to CO2 + H2O

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24
Q

fat stored as

A

triglycerides

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25
carbohydrates stored as
glycogen
26
percent of ATP production from protein at rest
2% at rest and up to 10% with prolonged exercise
27
how do enzymes influence the activation energy of a reaction
lowers activation energy to catalyze the reaction
28
what factors influence enzyme activity
body temperature and pH
29
the rank of systems with power
1) ATP-PCr 2) Glycolysis 3) Aerobic Carbs 4) Aerobic Fat
30
the rank of systems with capacity
1) Aerobic Fat 2) Aerobic Carbs 3) Glycolysis 4) ATP-PCr
31
how much ATP produced from 1 glucose
2 ATP
32
how much ATP produced from 1 glycogen
3 ATP
33
energy system used for the exercise of 10-15 seconds
ATP-PCr
34
energy system used for the exercise of 20sec-3min
glycolysis
35
energy system used for the exercise of 3min to fatigue
oxidative of carbs and fats
36
pathways involved in aerobic metabolism of carbs
1) glycolysis 2) Krebs cycle 3) ETC
37
pathways involved in aerobic metabolism of fats
1) beta-oxidation 2) Krebs cycle 3) ETC
38
what pathway produces NADH and FADH2 and CO2
Krebs cycle
39
what pathway uses NADH, FADH2, and O2
ETC
40
how much ATP is produced from the aerobic metabolism of a single molecule of glucose
32 ATP
41
how much ATP is produced from the aerobic metabolism of a single molecule of glycogen
33 ATP
42
what branch of the nervous system innervates skeletal muscle
somatic
43
motor cortex
voluntary muscle contraction to plan and execute muscle movements
44
sympathetic
fight or flight | increase HR
45
parasympathetic
rest and digest | decrease HR
46
what is RER
the respiratory exchange ratio, estimates exchanged gases | RER = VCO2 / VO2
47
RER value for fat
0.7
48
RER value for carbs
1.0
49
absolute value for RER
L/min
50
the relative value for RER
mL/kg/min
51
what does the O2 deficit indicate
O2 demand higher than O2 consumption | ATP produced anaerobically
52
what does EPOC indicate
``` O2 consumed greater than O2 demand ATP demand is low increase intensity = increase EPOC convert lactate to glycogen restore any low O2 stores in hemoglobin and myoglobin ```
53
lactate threshold
the point at which blood lactate is accumulated interaction of aerobic and anaerobic systems disproportion of blood lactate
54
exercise intensities below lactate threshold fueled by
aerobic metabolism
55
exercise intensities above lactate threshold fueled by
anaerobic metabolism
56
what causes DOMS
eccentric contractions microtears within the sarcolemma which causes an inflammatory response muscle damage stimulates hypertrophy
57
byproducts associated with fatigue
H+ and Pi
58
four major causes of fatigue
1) PCr and glycogen depletion 2) accumulation of byproducts (lactate, H+, Pi) 3) failure of contractile mechanisms of muscle fibers 4) altered neural control of muscle contraction
59
what molecule inhibits actin/myosin-binding at rest
tropomyosin
60
motor unit
beta motor unit and all the muscle fibers it innervates
61
muscle fiber type best at producing ATP aerobically
type I (SO)
62
two general mechanisms the nervous system used for force generation
motor unit recruitment and stimulation frequency
63
primary macronutrient to fuel high-intensity exercise
carbohydrates
64
primary macronutrient to fuel long-duration exercise
fat
65
the end product of anaerobic glycolysis
lactate
66
the end product of aerobic glycolysis
pyruvate
67
number of pyruvates produced from 1 molecule of glucose
2
68
the metabolic pathway that converts FFAs into acetyl-CoA
beta-oxidation
69
the metabolic pathway that starts with acetyl-CoA
Krebs cycle
70
the liver can convert lactate back into what and release it back into the bloodstream
glucose
71
how many molecules of acetyl-CoA can be produced from an FFA with 14 carbons
7
72
amount of substrate energy in metabolism that is lost as heat
60%
73
the single best measurement of aerobic fitness
VO2 max
74
two locations of glycogen storage
liver and skeletal muscle
75
the total amount of glycogen storage
600g
76
all steps of an action potential
1) neurons fire within the motor cortex initiating skeletal muscle contraction 2) AP from the motor cortex stimulate alpha motor neurons in the spinal cord 3) AP within alpha motor neuron depolarizes the synaptic terminal 4) Ca+2 enters the synaptic terminal 5) ACh binds receptors on the motor endplate 6) depolarization of the sarcolemma 7) depolarization of t-tubule 8) Ca+2 releases by SR 9) Ca+2 binds troponin 10) conformational change in tropomyosin exposes binding sites on actin 11) myosin cross-bridges bind the actin molecule 12) ADP +Pi release from the cross-bridge 13) Powerstroke of the myosin cross-bridge 14) fresh ATP molecule binds the myosin cross-bridge 15) myosin cross-bridge releases from the actin molecule

KNPE 452 (5 decks)

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