ch. 1-2

Question 1

Continental Rationalism

Answer 1

believed knowledge could be obtained through reason (descartes)

Question 2

Rene Descartes

Answer 2

Lived during early 1600’s, interested in how mind and body work

Question 3

who found classical conditioning 200 years before pavlov?

Answer 3

Rene descartes

Question 4

who applies scientific knowledge to everyday concerns

Answer 4

rene descartes

Question 5

who wrote treatise of man

Answer 5

rene descartes

Question 6

cartesian dualism

Answer 6

mind and body are seperate but can interact

Question 7

meditations on first philosophy

Answer 7

described the relationship between body and soul

Question 8

method of doubt

Answer 8

to question everything that can not be verified

Question 9

penal gland (descartes)

Answer 9

traced optic nerve in animals to find penal gland

Question 10

penal gland

Answer 10

is where body and mind interact with each other

Question 11

descartes reflex arc 1633

Answer 11

no conscious thought required, automatic and mechanical

Question 12

who viewed humans and animals as biological machines consisting of matter and motion

Answer 12

thomas hobbes (1588-1679)

Question 13

who aruged the mind is nothing more than the product of a mechanical brain

Answer 13

thomas hobbes

Question 14

Materialism (hobbes)

Answer 14

there is only matter; nothing more is needed to explain the mind

Question 15

What is a dead body to hobbes

Answer 15

a dead body is a broken machine put into motion

Question 16

what is a live body to hobbes

Answer 16

a live body is a machine with parts

Question 17

where did hobbes get the matter and motion idea from

Answer 17

galei

Question 18

empiricism

Answer 18

believed knowledge can only be obtained through experience (francis bacon)

Question 19

Who is the father of british empiricism?

Answer 19

Francis bacon

Question 20

method of induction (francis bacon)

Answer 20

examine specific cases to discover general rules

ex: in the summer there are ducks in a pond therefore there will be ducks in our pond in summer

Question 21

doctrine of the idols

Answer 21

Francis bacons paper

addressing all the errors, illusions , corruptions

Question 22

who introduced the term tabula rasa (clean slate) 1690

Answer 22

John Locke

Question 23

who said that knowledge develops first by sensory experience then reflection

Answer 23

John Locke

Question 24

Associationism

Answer 24

knowledge develops as simple ideas combining to form complex ideas

Question 25

What are the two types of senses present (Locke)

Answer 25

``` Outer senses (sensations) Inner senses (reflections) ```

Question 26

Who came up with new theory of vision?

Answer 26

George Berkeley

Question 27

New theory of vision

Answer 27

Properties of an object can only be known through the sense of touch

Question 28

When do objects in the world exist according to Berkeley?

Answer 28

They exist only if they are percieved

Question 29

What did berkely develop?

Answer 29

developed theory of depth perception, the closer an object gets the bigger is gets

Question 30

phrenology

Answer 30

different parts of the brain responsible for intellectual, emotional, and behavioral functions

Question 31

What did they do with phrenology?

Answer 31

assesed lumps and indentations on the skull

Question 32

What did clients provide for phrenology?

Answer 32

clients provided a plan to cultivate and restrain

Question 33

who franchised clinics for phrenology?

Answer 33

fowler brothers

Question 34

Physiognomy

Answer 34

examined features of the face to asses personality, abilities, intelligence

Question 35

Lombroso

Answer 35

used in criminology, criminals identified by facial features

Question 36

Mesmerism

Answer 36

relieve symptoms by passing magnets over the body

Question 37

What happens when the magnets were misaligned in mesmerism

Answer 37

when misaligned physical and mental illness resulted

Question 38

what was seen as the beginning of psychotherapy in U.S

Answer 38

Mesmerism in 1830’s

Question 39

Spirtualism

Answer 39

mediums help seances in private homes to communicate with the dead

Question 40

when was second half of spiritualism developed?

Answer 40

1800’s in U.S, clients were middle and upper class

Question 41

who was one prominent individual of spritualism

Answer 41

Lenora Piper (white crow) she was a medium who had a relationship with william james

Question 42

Mental healing (mind cure)

Answer 42

Diseases could be cured by the person themselves, people had mental powers

Question 43

What did negative thoughts lead to in mental healing

Answer 43

they led to psychological issues

Question 44

polymat

Answer 44

a scholar who makes important contributions

Question 45

Hermann Von Helmholtz (German scientist)

Answer 45

conceptualized the relationship between sensation and perception

Question 46

who came up with speed of nerve conduction

Answer 46

Helmholtz

Question 47

Trichromatic theory

Answer 47

three types of cones in the retina that are differentially sensitive to red, green and blue light

Question 48

Helmholtz pitch perception/place theory

Answer 48

frequency analysis is carried out in the inner ear creating a neural spectrum that is then transmitted to the brain states our perception of sound depends on where each component frequency produces vibrations

Question 49

who conducted research that resolved the helmholtz hearing debate

Answer 49

Christian Ladd-Franklin

Question 50

Hermann Ebbinghaus

Answer 50

Published on memory in 1885 and invented nonsense syllable (cvc)

Question 51

Psychophysics

Answer 51

Study of relationships betwen physical stimuli and the sensations associated with them

Question 52

who came up with just noticeable difference?

Answer 52

ernest weber

Question 53

Webers two-point threshold

Answer 53

a measure of tactile acuity defined as the smallest seperation at which two points applied simultaneously to the skin can be distinguished from a single point

Question 54

Just Noticeable Difference

Answer 54

amount of a stimulus that has to be increased or decreased before a change in the stimulus can be detected

Question 55

Gustav Fetchner

Answer 55

founder of psychophysics

Question 56

Panpsychism

Answer 56

belief that all things in the universe have consciousness

Question 57

Webers law

Answer 57

The just-noticeable difference is always proportion of the original stimulus (k)

Question 58

Fetchners law

Answer 58

proposal that the intensity of the mental sensation (s) is related by a logarithmic function (log) to the actual intensity of the stimulus (R) s=Klogr

Question 59

Fetchners Book

Answer 59

elements of psychophysics

Question 60

Elements of psychophysics

Answer 60

included distinction between “outer psychophysics” and “inner psychophysics”

Question 61

Francis Galton

Answer 61

coined the term “nature and nurture”

Question 62

Who studied twins and came up with devised twin and adoption method

Answer 62

Francis Galton

Question 63

who created the scatterplot

Answer 63

francis galton

Question 64

What is a scatterplot

Answer 64

best fitting regression line

Question 65

who founded anthropometric laboratory

Answer 65

Francis Galton

Question 66

who developed data gathering and analysis methods

Answer 66

Francis Galton

Question 67

Charles Darwin

Answer 67

Proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection

Question 68

Who completed the voyage of the HSM beagle 1831-1836

Answer 68

Charles Darwin

Question 69

Who studied plants and observed animal life

Answer 69

Charles Darwin

Question 70

Who wrote the origin of species (1859)

Answer 70

Charles Darwin

Question 71

Natural Selection

Answer 71

the mechanism by which this evolution takes place in

Question 72

Where do diverse groups of animals evolve from?

Answer 72

one or a few common ancestors

Question 73

Components of natural selection

Answer 73

Variability, competition, heritability

Question 74

Variability

Answer 74

Individual members of a species vary widely in characteristics

Question 75

Competition

Answer 75

constant competition for resources

Question 76

Heritability

Answer 76

those individuals who survive to reproduce will pass their advantageous features to next generation

Question 77

Theory of creationsim

Answer 77

animals are in present form

Question 78

Who Developed Theory of lamackism

Answer 78

Darwin developed