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history of psych > Ch. 11 Cognitive Psychology > Flashcards

Ch. 11 Cognitive Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

What was the definition of psychology from the philosophers to the early 1900’s in American until the 1920’s?

A

The study of mental processes

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2
Q

Sir Frederick Bartlett (1886-1969)

A

known as the father of british psychology, argued for reconstructive nature of memory

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3
Q

Who wrote remembering: A study in experimental and social psych (1932)?

A

Sir Frederick Bartlett, it described a classic study: The War of the Ghosts

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4
Q

Reconstructive nature of memory (Bartlett)

A

introduced concept of schema

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5
Q

What did Frederic Bartlett believe about memory?

A

Believed memory was influenced by schemas, particularly when constructing/reconstructing memories

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6
Q

Donald Broadbent (1926-1993)

A

British psychologist who developed a filter model of attention

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7
Q

What was Donald Broadbents early research?

A

Focused on British Navy, the impact of noise on work performance

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8
Q

Who wrote perception and communication?

A

Donald Broadbent

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9
Q

What did the perception and communication describe by Donald Broadbent?

A

described humans as an information processing system

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10
Q

Who believed humans more complicated?

A

Donald Broadbent believed humans more complicated than simple input-output models of behaviorism

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11
Q

What did Broadbent believe about environmental stimulus?

A

said that environment stimulus elicited an organisms response

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12
Q

What is the environmental stimulus?

A

it is not the actual stimulus, but the perceived stimulus that guides behavior

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13
Q

There’s more ________ in the environment than the organism can take in any given moment?

A

stimulation

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14
Q

What happens if the stimulus is not payed attention to?

A

It fails to be processed and never reaches awareness

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15
Q

Who developed the filter model (1980)?

A

Donald Broadbent

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16
Q

Filter Model

A

description of “attention” as a bottleneck that limits the amount of information coming into the organism

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17
Q

What does the filter model use?

A

uses dichotic listening task

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18
Q

Dichotic Listening task

A

A laboratory task in which the participant hears two different streams of speech through left and right headphones and is asked to only attend to one of them

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19
Q

Anne Treisman (1935-2018)

A

British psychologist who proposed the attenuation model and then the feature of integration theory of attention

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20
Q

Attenuation Model (Treisman)

A

attention increases the intensity of wanted stimulus and decreases the intensity of the unwanted stimulus

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21
Q

Who worked with the cocktail party effect?

A

Anne Treisman

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22
Q

Feature Integration Theory of attention (Treisman)

A

a perceptual and attentional theory that explains how individual combines pieces of observable info. about an object to form a complete perception of the object

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23
Q

How many stages are in the feature integration theory?

A

two stages

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24
Q

What did Treisman find out about the unattended stream?

A

Items in unattended stream came through the filter that was supposedly blocking the unattended stream

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25
The first stage of feature integration theory of attention
pre-attention stage in which the individual focuses on one distinguished feature of the object
26
The second stage of feature integration theory is
Focused/sustained attention in which an individual has to take all of the observed features and combines them to make a complete perception
27
When does the second stage process occur in the feature integration theory?
It occurs if the object doesn’t stand out immediately
28
New look movement (anne treisman)
argued for the important role that mental states play in our view of the world
29
Jerome Bruner (1915-2016)
American developmental psychologist who was one of the founders of the cognitive revolution
30
Who wrote a study in thinking:worked with jean piaget?
Jerome Bruner
31
Leo Postman (1918-2004)
American cognitive psychologist who developed the interference theory of forgetting
32
Who and why did someone challenge ebbinhaus?
Postman challenged ebbinhaus notion that forgetting was due to decay, arguing that it was due to interference of similar items in memory
33
What was bruner & postman’s most noted studies ?
Role of expectation in perception
34
Role of expectation in perception
using a tachistoscope, they flashed images of playing cards at increasing intervals ranging from 10 to 1,000
35
What was the trick of the role of expectation in perception?
The trick was that half of the cards had their colors reversed
36
How many times longer did it take participants to identify the incongruous cards as it did the normal ones?
4 times longer
37
Richard Atkinson + Richard Shiffrin
american psychologists known as co-developers of info-processing model of memory, best known flow-chart model
38
cognitive revoultion
is a computer metaphor, study of the mental processes in a rigorous fashion
39
What did cognitive psychologists not believe?
they did not believe that you could explain an individual by behaviors alone
40
Elizabeth Loftus (1944- )
american psychologist who studies the unreliability of eyewitness testimony and personal memories
41
What does Loftus believe about memory?
memory is a constructive process; memory is not recalled but reconstructed
42
What did Elizabeth Loftus study regarding reliability of eyewitness accounts?
looking at the speed of cars
43
What did Loftus find from her speed of cars study?
when she used the word “smashed” the participants added more speed and said they were more likely to say they was broken glass when there was none
44
Misinformation effect
the distortion of memory due to exposure to false or misleading info. after the event
45
What did Loftus find within their false memories study?
She found that 1/4 of the participants stated that they remembered the false event, and many of these were able to provide additional details
46
What did Loftus use for her false memory study?
Lost in the mall technique, when participants read four accounts of personal events from their childhood, one event was false
47
Bugs bunny at disneyland (Loftus)
Individuals were exposed to a print advertisement, 1/3 of the people described a visit to disneyland and how they met and shook hands with bugs bunny in detail
48
Noam Chomsky (1928- )
american linguist who helped start the cognitive revolution
49
What did chomsky believe about language?
Believed language is innate & introduced the “language acquisition device”
50
What did chomsky believe learning can be learned through?
could be learned through operant conditioning alone
51
What did Chomsky challenge skinner for?
challenged skinners theory that language is learned through reinforcement and correction
52
Cornerstone of cognitive psychology (chomsky)
his view of the mind as a sort of computer, specifically designed to rapidly and efficiently process complex linguistic structures
53
George Miller (1920-2012)
american psychologist who led the cognitive revolution with his description of the mind as a limited-capacity info processor
54
who had a secret dissertation at Harvard?
George Miller
55
Who wrote the magical number seven plus or minus two?
George Miller
56
what was seen as the manifesto for the cognitive revolution (1956)
magical number seven plus or minus two
57
what did 7+ or -2 digits or chunks define?
defined capacity for short term memory
58
What do we have a limited ability of?
we have a limited ability to take in and retain info. in short-term memory
59
Chunk
a meaningful unit of information held in short-term memory
60
What does chunking help with?
by grouping chunks into larger and larger meaningful structures, we can process lots of info. quickly despite our limited capacity
61
What can increase the capacity of Short term memory?
chunking
62
Uric Neisser (1928-2012)
german born american cognitive psychologist, who investigated the unreliability of flashbulb memories
63
Who worked under george miller?
Uric Neisser
64
What book gave cognitive psychology it’s name?
Uric Neisser wrote cognitive psychology 1967
65
Who is known as the father of psychology?
Uric Neisser
66
Flashbulb memory (Neisser)
a vivid and detailed recollection of events after an emotionally charged experience
67
Who did the space shuttle explosion survey?
Uric Neisser
68
Inattentional blindness (Neisser)
person fail to see something directly in front of them because their attention is focused else where

history of psych (12 decks)

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