Ch. 1 & 2

Question 1

Mental Activity is

Answer 1

Anything that happens in the head (memory, feeling, emotion). Can’t see it

Question 2

Behavior is

Answer 2

Actions. Things that we can see

Question 3

Nature is

Answer 3

Biology (DNA, Genes, Chemical makeup, predisposition, etc.)

Question 4

Nurture is

Answer 4

Environment (Any external influence: parents, home, media, etc.)

Question 5

Functionalism is about:

Answer 5

Focused on how mental activities helped us adapt into our environment. (Evolution, survival of the fittest).
Mind as whole, not individual parts.

Question 6

Who is associated with Functionalism?

Answer 6

William James

Question 7

What did William James believe?

Answer 7

That our mental activities helped us adapt into our environment (Functionalism).

Question 8

What is introspection?

Answer 8

Process that someone examines CONSCIOUS experience to break it into component parts- thinking about thinking about an experience.

Question 9

What is structuralism?

Answer 9

Understanding the conscious experience through introspection.

Question 10

Who’s associated with Structuralism?

Answer 10

Wilhelm Wundt

Question 11

Who’s associated with psychoanalytic theory/unconscious forces?

Answer 11

Sigmund Freud

Question 12

What is psychoanalytic theory?

Answer 12

Role of UNCONSCIOUS experience in affecting conscious behavior. Tension between id and superego. Defense mechanism to unpack “traumatic” past.

Question 13

What is behaviorism?

Answer 13

Focus on observing and controlling behavior.

Question 14

Who’s associated with behaviorism?

Answer 14

Pavlov, Watson, Skinner

Question 15

What is Pavlov associated with?

Answer 15

Conditioned reflex to a stimulus (Behaviorism)

Question 16

What was Skinner associated with?

Answer 16

Reward/Punishment (Behaviorism)

Question 17

Gestalt=

Answer 17

Whole. Rational/irrational thoughts. (Cognitive Theory)

Question 18

Who is associated with humanistic theory?

Answer 18

Maslow, Rogers

Question 19

Humanistic theory is

Answer 19

Emphasizes potential for good that is innate to all humans.

Question 20

What is Cultural Psychology?

Answer 20

How cultures reflect and shape us.

Question 21

Multicultural psychology is

Answer 21

Theories and research with a diverse population usually within one country.

Question 22

Cross cultural psychology is

Answer 22

Comparing populations across countries (ex: USA and China)

Question 23

Biological psychology is

Answer 23

How biology influences our behavior. 

Question 24

Developmental psychology is

Answer 24

Scientific study of development across the lifespan. Processes related to matureration.

Question 25

Social psychology is

Answer 25

I focus on how we interact and relate to others. How being around others influences our behavior/pattern of thinking.

Question 26

Correlational research is

Answer 26

Relationship between two or more variables. When two variables are correlated, one changes as the other does. 

Question 27

What does bi direction mean?

Answer 27

Moving in different directions

Question 28

Does correlation imply causation? Why?

Answer 28

No, because correlation is limited because establishing the existence of a relationship tells us a little about cause-and-effect. There could always be a third variable. 

Question 29

What is a confounding variable?

Answer 29

Also known as a third variable, it is the outside factor that affects both variables of interest. 

Question 30

Independent variable is

Answer 30

Manipulated/controlled by experimenter. 

Question 31

Dependent variable is

Answer 31

What researcher measures to see how much affects the individual variable had on the dependent variable. The outcome.

Question 32

Operational definition is

Answer 32

Description of what operations will be used to measure the dependent variable and manipulate the independent variable. Precise description of variables.

Question 33

Random sample=

Answer 33

Helps every member of a population have an equal chance of being selected.

Question 34

Informed consent is

Answer 34

Informing a research participant about what to expect during an experiment, any risks involved/implications of research and obtaining participants consent.

Question 35

Debriefing is

Answer 35

When an experiment involves deception, the participants are taught complete and truthful info about the experiment and it’s conclusion. 

Question 36

Theory

Answer 36

Explains, organizes- broad statement.

Question 37

Hypothesis is

Answer 37

Testable prediction/specific

Question 38

The scientific method is

Answer 38

Ideas tested against real world observations, which lead to more ideas. 

Question 39

Inductive reasoning takes you from

Answer 39

Specific to general (bottom up)

Question 40

Deductive reasoning takes you from

Answer 40

General to specific (top down)

Question 41

What was the Skinner box?

Answer 41

Conditioned behavior. Used rodents and birds

Question 42

Lag in reaction time from stimulus is from

Answer 42

Wilhelm Wundt