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CH 1-2 Flashcards

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1
Q

who were the only ones able to paint their nails red in ancient Egypt and how did they do it

A

only royalty. stained with henna.

lower class could wear pale colors

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2
Q

when was the first modern nail polish become available to nail techs

A

1930s

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3
Q

what was the first nail wrap and when was it invented

A

Juliette wrap created by Juliette marglensn

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4
Q

when was the first monomer liquid and polymer powder introduced to nail techs

A

1970’s

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5
Q

what is anatomy, physiology and histology

A

anatomy- structures of the human body and the substances they’re made of

physiology- functions and activities performed by bodies structures

histology- (microscopic anatomy) structure and composition of tissue

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6
Q

what are cells made of

A

protoplasm -colorless jelly like substance
food elements are present ( proteins, fats, carbs, mineral salts, water) like the whites of a raw egg

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7
Q

what do cells include

A

protoplasm, nucleus, organelles, and cell membrane.

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8
Q

what is the nucleus

A

center of cell, dense active protoplasm. important role in metabolism and reproduction. the yolk of an egg

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9
Q

what is the nucleoplasm

A

inside nucleus, fluid that contains proteins and very important acid (deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA)

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10
Q

what is Deoxyrubonucliec acid

A

DNA - determines genetic makeup (eye color, skin, hair)

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11
Q

what is the cytoplasm

A

part of protoplasm - outside of the nucleus, inside cell wall. surrounds nucleus. needed for growth, reproduction and self repair.

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12
Q

which cells have mitochondria and what dont

A

muscle cells have thousand mitochondria (because they need a lot of energy)

red blood cells have no mitochondria, NEURONS

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13
Q

what is mitochondria

A

take in nutrients, break them down and create energy. keeps cells full of energy.
small organelles floating freely throughout cell

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14
Q

what chem energy is inside cells for metabolism

A

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

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15
Q

What does the cell membrane do

A

allows good substances and removes bad ones. protects cells from surroundings, communicates with other cells, linking together to form tissues

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16
Q

describe cell reproduction

A

cell divides into two identical cells (daughter cells) through mitosis. the cell will grow back and reproduce if conditions are favorable

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17
Q

what are the two phases of cell metabolism

A

anabolism- (constructive metabolism) combines smaller molecules to builder larger more complex molecules.

catabolism-larger more complex molecules are broken down to create smaller simpler molecules. as a result, energy is released to be stored / used.

they are carried out at the same time 24 hrs a day

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18
Q

what are the 4 types of the human body

A

connective tissue - fibrous tissue that binds together, protects supports parts of body (bone, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, fascia) that separate muscle, liquid tissue (blood, lymph, fat) which is also called adipose tissue

epithelial tissue- protective covering (skin, mucous membranes, tissues inside mouth, lining of heart)

muscle tissue- contracts and moves various parts of the body

nerve tissue- carries messages thru central nervous system to control / coordinate all bodily functions
nerve tissue is made of neurons which make up the brain, nerves spinal cord

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19
Q

what does adipose tissue

A

gives smoothness and contour the body. protects internal organs and insulate the body.

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20
Q

what is the largest organ of the body

A

integumentary. (skin and accessory organs. oil/sweat glands, hair nails) first line of defense against infection and water loss. regulates temp, produces vitamin d

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21
Q

how many bones in body

A

born with 300, some fuse together and end up with 206

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22
Q

what are the 5 type of functions of the skeletal system

A

giving shape to support body

protecting internal structures/organs

serving as attachments for muscles. acts as levers to produce body movement

help produce white and red blood cells

storing most of the body calcium supply (as well as phosphorus, magnesium and sodium)

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23
Q

what are the 2 types of joints

A

moveable (elbows, knees hips)

immovable (pelvis, skull)

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24
Q

name important bones of the arm and hand (her comp) HURCMP

A

humerus- uppermost and largest bone of arm. extending from elbow to shoulder

ulna-longer bone on forearm. larger at elbow than the wrist. located on little finger side of the hand

radius- shorter of two bones on forearm. largest at wrist.located on thumb side of hand

carpus- the wrist. composed of 8 small irregular bones held together by ligaments

metacarpus- bones of the palm and hand. containing 5 bones between carpus and phalanges.

phalanges- bones of fingers or toes, digits.

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25
what are the 4 bones of the leg
femur-heavy long bone forms leg above knee tibia- larger of 2 bones that form leg below knee. a bump on the big toe side of ankle fibula- smaller of 2 bones that form leg below knee. bump on the little toe side of ankle patella- (accessory bone ) forms cap of the knee joint
26
what 3 bones is the ankle joint made up of
tibia- down from the leg fibula- down from the leg talus- (ankle bone)
27
how many bones is the foot made up from
26. divides into 3 categories - 7 tarsal bones , 5 metatarsal bones , 14 phalanges
28
name tarsal metatarsal and phalanges
tarsul- talus, calcareous, navicular, 3 cuneiform bones, cubes metatarsal- (long, slender) phalanges- compose of the toes. similar to hand phalanges (finger bones)
29
how many phalanges are in each toe
3 in every toe except big toe which has 2 9 HAS NO MEDIAL )
30
name the phalanges in the toes
distal (top- tip toe) medial (middle) proximal (bottom closest to foot)
31
Myology
study of structure function and disease of muscles. body has over 600 muscles, make up 40% of bodys weight
32
what is the difference between striated and nonstriated muscles
striated- (skeletal muscles) attached to bones, voluntary/consciously controlled (posture) nonstriated- (smooth muscles) involuntary. function automatically without conscious will. found in internal organs (digestive system)
33
what is the organ that does not move
origin - usually part of a skeletal muscle. attached to skeleton
34
what are ways muscular tissue can be stimulated by
massage , electrical current, infrared light, dry heat, moist heat, nerve impuloses
35
what are the 4 muscles that attached the arms to the body (LPST)
lattisumus dorsi-large flat triangular muscle covering lower back pectorial major/minor- chest assisting swinging movements of arm serrarus anterior- chest muscle that assists in breathing and raising arm trapezius- covers back of neck and middle back , rotates and controls swinging movements of arm
36
name the 3 principle muscles of upper arm
bicep-lift forearm and flex elbow deltoid- large triangular muscle covering shoulder joint. allows arm to extend outward and to side tricep- covers entire back of upper arm, extends forearm
37
name 4 muscles of forearm
extensors- straighten the wrist, hand and fingers to form straight line flexors- extensor muscles involved in bending wrist pronators-turn the hand inward so palm faces downward supinators- rotates radius (forearm) outward and palm upward
38
name 2 muscles of hand (most complex part of body, small muscles that overlap)
abductors- separate fingers (ab=open) adductors- base of each finger draw fingers together (ad=close)
39
name the 6 muscles of lower leg
extensor digitorum longus- bends foot up and extends toes tibulis anterior- covers front of shin, bends foot upwards and inwards peroneus longus- covers outer side of calf. inverts food and turns it outwards peroenus brevis- originates in lower surface of fibular. bends foot down and out gastrocnemius- attached to lower rear surface of heel, pulls foot down soleus- upper portion of fibula. bends foot down
40
name 4 muscles of feet
flexor digiti minimi - moves little toe flexor digitorum brevis- moves lesser toes. maintains balance while walking abductor hallucis- moves big toe. maintains balance while walking/standing abductor digiti minimi- separates toes
41
what is a nerve made of
fine fibers that cover every square inch of the body. there are over 200 billion nerve cells (neurons) in the body whitish cords made of bundles of nerve fibers held together by connective tissue where impulses are transmitted. origin in brain and spinal cord. send branches to all parts of body
42
what are the 3 main subdivisions of the nervous system
CNS - central nervous system brain, spinal cord, spinal nerves, cranial nerves. controls consciousness and mental activities, voluntary functions of 5 senses, voluntary muscle actions (body movements and facial expressions PNS - peripheral nervous system- connects peripheral (outer) parts of the body to the CNS. has sensory and motor nerves. carry impulses/messages to and from the CNS ANS- autonomic nervous system controls involuntary miscues. regulates action of smooth miscues, heart and normal breathing
43
what make up the CNS
brain and spinal cord
44
what make up the PNS
peripheral nerves and sensory receptors
45
What is the brain and what does it do
Largest most complex nerve tissue. contained in the cranium, weighs less than 3lbs. controls sensation, muscles, activity of glands, and power to think sense and feel it sends and receives messages thru 12 pairs of cranial nerves
46
what is the spinal cord and what does it do
portion of CNS originates in the brain, extends down to lower extremity of trunk. protected by spinal column. 31 pairs of spinal nerves distributed to muscles and skin of trunk and limbs
47
what is the primary structural unit of the nervous system
a neuron (nerve cell) made of cell body, nucleus, dendrites and axon
48
what are dendrites and axon
dendrites- tree like branches of nerve fibers extending from nerve cell that carry impulses from other neurons axon- send impulses away from cell body to other neurons, glands or muscles
49
what are the two types of nerves
Sensory and motor sensory- carry impulses/ messages from the sense organs to the brain. where touch, cold, heat, sight, hearing, taste, smell and pressure are experienced. motor- carry impulses from brain to muscles/glands. produce movement
50
what are the 4 nerves of the hand
digital, radial, median and ulnar digital- fingers (digits) radial- thumb side median- smaller nerves- arm and hand ulnar- pinky side
51
name the 7 nerves of lower leg and foot
Tibial nerve, common peroneal nerve, deep peroneal nerve, superficial peroneal nerve, dorsal nerve, saphenous nerve, sureal nerve
52
describe what the 7 nerves of lower leg and foot do
tibial- (division of sciatic nerve) passes behind knee, subdivides. supplies impulses to knee, muscles of calf , skin of leg, sole, heal and underside of toes common peroneal nerve- (division of sciatic nerve) extends from back of knee to wind around head of fibula to front of leg where It divides into 2 branches deep peroneal nerve- (anterior tibial nerve) front of leg, behind muscles. supplies impulses to muscles and skin on top of foot and adjacent sides of the first and second toes superficial peroneal nerve- (musculcutaneous nerve) extends down leg, just under the skin, , supplying impulses to the muscles and skin of leg skin, and toes on top of foot where it is called the DORSAL NERVE saphenous nerve- supplies impulses to skin of inner side of leg and foot sural nerve- supplies impulses to skin on outer side and back of the foot and leg
53
what is the circulatory system (cardiovascular system)
controls steady circulation of blood thru body by the heart and blood vessels
54
what are the two divisions of circulatory system
blood vascular and lymph vascular system blood vascular- heart, arteries, veins and capillaries. distribute blood thru body lymph- aids the blood system. made of lymph spaces: lymphatics, lymph nodes, and other
55
describe lymphatics, lymph nodes and lymph
lymphatics- lymph vessels lymph nodes- special structures inside lymph lymph= clear fluid. circulates throughout lymphatics of body, carries waste/I,purities away from cells. routed back to circulatory system
56
what is the heart
"bodys pump" cone shaped. enclosed by membranous sax known as pericardium (made of epithelial tissue, protects against infection, provides lubricant) size of closed fist- 9oz. heartbeat regulated by vagus nerve and other nerves in ANS normal is 60-80 BPM. can go to 100 BPM.
57
what are the 4 chambers of the heart
right atrium , left atrium (blood is pumped to ventricles) (these are the upper thin walled chambers ) right atrium (lower chambers of heart) and left atrium (lower thick walled chambers)
58
what are the 4 valves of the heart
59
what are valves
structures that temporarily close to permit blood flow in one direction within each contraction/relaxation of heart. blood travels from atrial to the ventricle. blood flows continuously
60
what are the two systems that attend to blood circulation
pulmonary cand systematic circulation. pulmonary- sends blood from heart to lungs to be purified, then back to the heart systematic- (general circulation) carries blood from heart thru the body and back to heart.
61
explain how the heart works
deoxygenated blood flows from body to right atrium then flows thru tricuspid valve into right ventricle right ventricle pumps blood into pulmonary arteries which move deoxygenated blood to lungs, when reaches lungs - release carbon dioxide and replaces with oxygen oxygen rich blood returns to heart thru pulmonary veins and enters left atrium blood flows thru mitral valve to left ventricle. blood leaves left ventricle and travels to all parts of body
62
what are blood vessels
tube like structures that include arteries , capillaries and veins. function is to transport blood to and from heart and and then to various tissues of bodyq
63
what are arteries
thick walled flexible tubes that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the capillaries. arterial trunk carries oxygenated blood from heart to be distributed by branch arteries largest artery in the body= aorta
64
what are capillaries
tiny thin walled blood vessels- connect smaller arteries to veins. bring nutrients to cells and carry away waste materials
65
what are veins
thin walled blood vessels- less flexible than arteries. contain cuplike valves that prevent back flow and carry blood containing waste products from capillaries back to heart and lungs for cleansing and to pick up oxygen. located closer to outer skin surface than arteries
66
what is blood
nutritive fluid circulating thru circulatory system to supply oxygen and nutrients to cells/tissues and to remove carbon dioxide and waste from them. 8-20 pints of blood in body. blood is 80% water 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit. red blood is oxygen rich (bright red in arteries) blue blood is oxygen poor (dark red in veins)
67
what is blood composed of
red and white cells, platelets, plasma and hemoglobin
68
describe red and white blood cells
red- produced in red bone marrow, contain hemoglobin ( iron containing protein that temporarily binds with oxygen) their function is to carry oxygen from lungs to body cells and transport carbon dioxide from cells back to lungs white- (leukocytes) perform the function of destroying disease-causing microorganisms
69
what are platelets and plasma
platelets- much smaller than red blood cell, contribute to blood clotting process which stops bleeding plasma- fluid part of blood where red and white blood cells and platelets flow. 90% water- contains proteins and sugars. main function is to carry food and other useful substances to the cells and remove carbon dioxide from cells
70
what are the chief functions of blood
carries water, oxygen, and food to all cells / tissues of body carries away carbon dioxide/waste products to be eliminated thru lungs, skin, kidneys, large intestine equalize body temp. works with immune system protects body against bacteria toxins seals leaks in injured blood vessels by forming clots preventing further blood loss
71
what are the 2 main arteries are the main blood supply of the arms and hands
ulnar and radial arteries ulnar- (numerous branches) supply little finger side of arm and palm of hand radial supply thumb side of arm and back side of hand.
72
what are the 4 major arteries that supply blood to the lower leg and foot
popliteal , anterior tibial, posterior artery, dorsalis pedis artery popliteal- supplies blood to foot/ divides into 2 (anterior tibial and posterior tibial anterior tibial- supplies blood to lower leg muscles and skin on top of foot adjacent sides of first and second toes. goes to the foot and becomes dorsal period artery. dorsal pedis - supplies foot with blood posterior tibial - supplies blood to ankles and back of lower leg just like the arm and hand- important veins of lower leg/foot are almost parallel with arteries and take same names
73
describe primary functions of lymphatic/immune system:
made up of lymph, lymph nodes, thymus gland, spleen and lymph vessels that act as an aid to blood system.
74
what is lymph
colorless watery fluid from blood plasma that has filtered thru capillary walls into tissue spaces function is to protect body from disease by helping to develop immunities that destroy disease causing microorganisms. drains tissue spaces of excess interstitial fluids (blood plasma found in spaces between tissue cells) to the blood carries impurities away from cells
75
what is the similarities and differences between lymphatic system and blood/ cardiovascular system?
similarity- closely connected- both transport fluids, like rivers thru out body differences- lymphatic system transports lymph, eventually returns to blood where it is originated.
76
how are lymph capillaries formed
lymphatic vessels start as tubes that are closed on one end. clusters of those tubes form lymph capillaries which are distributed throughout most of body (except nervous system)
77
how does lymph filtering help fight infection
lymph from vessels is filtered by lymph nodes (gland like structures found inside lymphatic vessels)
78
what are the primary functions of lymphatic system?
carry nourishment from blood to body cells act as defense against toxins and invading bacteria remove waste material from body cells to blood provide suitable fluid environment from cells
79
what is the endocrine system
group of specialized glands that affect growth, development, sexual activities, and health
80
what are glands
specialized organs that remove elements from blood to convert into new compounds
81
what are the two main types of glands
exocrine and endocrine exocrine -(duct glands) produce substance that travel thru small, tubelike ducts. sweat and oil glands of skin belong to this group endocrine- (ductless glands) (thyroid/pituitary glands) release hormones directly into bloodstream which influence welfare of entire body. hormones (such as insulin, adrenaline, estrogen stimulate functional activity/secretion in other parts of body
82
list endocrine glands and functions
pineal gland - sexual development, sleep, metabolism pituitary gland- most complex. affects almost every physiologic process of body (growth, blood pressure, contractions child birth, breast milk production, sex organ function, thyroid function, metabolism) parathyroid gland- regulate blood calcium /phosohorus levels so nervous and muscular systems can function properly pancreas- enzyme producing cells, responsible for digesting carbs, proteins, fats. control insulin/glucagon production. adrenal glands- 30 steroid hormones. control metabolic processes of body (flight or fight responses) ovaries/ testes - function in sexual reproduction
83
explain digestive system (gastrointestinal system)
responsible for breaking down food into nutrients and waste
83
what are digestive enzymes
chemicals that change foods into a form food (now in soluble form) transported into bloodstream , used by bodys cells and tissues. digesting process takes about 9 hours
84
what organs play a crucial role in digestive system
mouth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus, accessory digestive organs (liver, gall bladder, pancreas)
85
what is the excretory system
purifies body by eliminating waste matter
86
what organs play crustal role in excretory system
kidneys (urine) liver (bile) skin (perspiration) large intestine ( decomposed/undigested food) lungs- exhale carbon dioxide/other gases.
87
what is the respiratory system
enables breathing respiration (exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen in lungs within each cell) consist of lungs and air passages. located within chest cavity. protected by ribs
88
what are lungs
spongy tissues made of microscopic cells where air is exchanged for carbon dioxide during one breathing cycle.
89
what is the diaphram
muscular wall separating thorax(chest) from abdomen , helps control breathing `
90
what happens during breathing cycle
exchange if gases- breathing in= oxygen passed into blood breathing out=carbon dioxide expelled from lungs
91
what is the integumentary system made up of
skin and various accessory organs (oil/sweat glands, sensory receptors, hair nails)

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