Ch 1

Question 1

linguistic competence

Answer 1

What we know when we know a language; the unconscious knowledge that a speaker has about her or his narrative language

Question 2

linguistic performance

Answer 2

the observable use of language

Question 3

performance error

Answer 3

errors in language production or comprehension, including hesitations and slips of the tongue

Question 4

speech communication chain

Answer 4

different forms in which a spoken language exists in its progress from the mind to the speaker to the mind of the listener

Question 5

speech communication chain steps

Answer 5

think, pick out words to express ideas, put words together in certain order, speak, perceive, decode, connect

Question 6

noise

Answer 6

interference in the chain

Question 7

lexicon

Answer 7

mental repository of linguistic information about words

Question 8

mental grammar

Answer 8

the mental representation of grammar the knowledge that a speaker has about the linguistic units and rules of his native language

Question 9

language variation

Answer 9

property of languages having different ways to express the same meanings in different contexts according to factors such a s geography, social class and gender

Question 10

descriptive grammar

Answer 10

set of rules about language based on how it is actually used

Question 11

evidence that writing and language are not the same (list 4 reasons)

Answer 11

writing must be taught where language is acquired naturally,writing does not exist everywhere,neurolinguistic evidence, writing can be edited before shared,

Question 12

reasons some people believe writing to be superior to speech (list 3 reasons

Answer 12

writing can be edited, writing must be taught, writing is more physically stable

Question 13

prescriptive grammar

Answer 13

socially embedded notion of the correct or proper ways to use a language

Question 14

prescribe

Answer 14

tells you how you should speak or write according to someones idea of what is good or bad

Question 15

Charles Hockett’s nine design features (necessary for a communication system to be considered a language) (list)

Answer 15

mode of communication, semanticity, pragmatic function, interchangeability, cultural transmission, arbitrariness, discreteness, displacement, productivity

Question 16

mode of communication

Answer 16

refers to the means by which these messages are transmitted and recieved

Question 17

semanticity

Answer 17

property requiring that all signals in a communication system have a meaning or function

Question 18

pragmatic function

Answer 18

must use some useful purpose

Question 19

interchangeability

Answer 19

ability of individuals to both transmit and receive messages

Question 20

cultural transmission

Answer 20

we can acquire only through communicative interaction with other users of the system

Question 21

arbitrariness

Answer 21

generally recognized that the words of a language represent a connection between a group of sounds or signs

Question 22

linguistic sign

Answer 22

combination of a form and meaning

Question 23

convention

Answer 23

tells you a certain group of sounds goes with a particular meaning

Question 24

nonarbitrariness

Answer 24

where the form represents the meaning directly

Question 25

iconic

Answer 25

picture like

Question 26

onomatopoeia

Answer 26

words that are imitative of natural sounds or have meanings that are associated with such sounds of nature

Question 27

conventionalized

Answer 27

using artistic forms and conventions to create effects

Question 28

sound symbolism

Answer 28

certain sounds occur in words not by virtue of being directly imitative of some sound but rather simply by being evocative of a particular meaning

Question 29

discreteness

Answer 29

property of communication systems by which complex messages may be built up out of smaller parts

Question 30

displacement

Answer 30

the property of some communication systems that allow them to be used to communicate about things actions and ideas that are not present at the place or time where communication is taking place

Question 31

productivity

Answer 31

the capacity of a communication system for novel messages built out of discrete units to be produced and understood

Question 32

modality

Answer 32

mode of communication

Question 33

myths about signed languages (list 4)

Answer 33

signed languages derive from spoken languages, sign language is universal, sign language is a manual code,that sign language does not have any internal structure, words in sign are completely iconic,

Question 34

differences between codes and languages (list 4)

Answer 34

a code is a artificially constructed system for representing a natural language. language is abstract cognitive system that uniquely allows humans to produce and comprehend meaningful utterances