Ch 1 Biochemistry

Question 1

Isotope

Answer 1

atom of one element that have same chemical formula, but different number of neutrons. some are radioactive, known as radioisotopes

Question 2

tracer

Answer 2

radioactive carbon can be used as a tracer, incorporated into molecules of carbon dioxide to track metabolic pathways

Question 3

ionic bonds

Answer 3

form when electrons are transferred between anion and cation. Anions gain electrons, cations lose.

Question 4

covalent bonds

Answer 4

form when atoms share electrons. results in a molecule

Question 5

polar bonds

Answer 5

covalent bond with unbalanced forces. have stronger attractions.have negative and positive ends.

Question 6

nonpolar bonds

Answer 6

covalent bonds with balanced forces. these attractions are weaker, like CO2. They are linear.

Question 7

hydrophobic

Answer 7

repelled by water. lipids

Question 8

hydrophilic

Answer 8

attracted to water. phosphate

Question 9

characteristics of water

Answer 9

high specific heat, high heat of vaporization, adhesion properties, universal solvent, cohesion tension, and ice floats on water.

Question 10

bicarbonate ion

Answer 10

most important buffer in human blood

Question 11

buffer

Answer 11

substances that resist changes in pH. they absorb excess hydrogen ions ir donate hydrogen ions when too few.

Question 12

Carbohydrates

Answer 12

made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. supply quick energy, one gram releases 4 calories of heat when burned. made of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.

Question 13

monosaccharides

Answer 13

C6H12O6, glucose, galactose, and fructose. they are all isomers of each other.

Question 14

disaccharides

Answer 14

two monos joined together by dehydration synthesis.

Question 15

glucose + glucose =

Answer 15

maltose + water

Question 16

glucose + galactose =

Answer 16

lactose + water

Question 17

glucose + froctose =

Answer 17

sucrose + water

Question 18

hydrolysis

Answer 18

opposite of dehydration synthesis; breakdown of compound with addition of water. occurs during digestion.

Question 19

polysaccharides

Answer 19

polymers of carbs. formed by many monos with dehydration synthesis

Question 20

4 types of polysaccharides

Answer 20

cellulose, starch, chitin, and glycogen

Question 21

cellulose

Answer 21

polysaccharide that makes up cell walls

Question 22

chitin

Answer 22

polysaccharide that makes up exoskeleton of arthropods and cell walls in mushrooms

Question 23

starch

Answer 23

polysaccharide that plants store as energy

Question 24

glycogen

Answer 24

polysaccharide that is stored in lover and skeletal muscle in humans.

Question 25

lipids

Answer 25

fats, oils, and waxes. mostly consist of one glycerol and three fatty acids.

Question 26

structure of glycerol

Answer 26

``` H | OH - C - H | OH - C - H | OH - C - H | H ```

Question 27

fatty acids

Answer 27

hydrocarbon chain with carboxyl group at one end. exist as saturated or unsaturated.

Question 28

saturated fats

Answer 28

come from animals. solid at room temperature. linked to heart disease. only single bonds between carbons.

Question 29

unsaturated fats

Answer 29

extracted from plants, liquid at room temperature. have at least one double bonds between carbons and thus fewer hydrogens.

Question 30

lipid functions

Answer 30

energy storage, membrane structure, and hormones

Question 31

proteins

Answer 31

polymers of amino acids joined by peptide bonds. consist of carboxyl, amine group, and R attached to central carbon. R differs with each amino acid. responsible for growth/repair.

Question 32

primary structure of proteins

Answer 32

results from sequence if amino acids that make up protein chain

Question 33

secondary structure of proteins

Answer 33

results from hydrogen bonding within molecules; creates helical nature of some proteins

Question 34

tertiary structure of proteins

Answer 34

3D shape of protein, intricate, MOST DIRECTLY DETERMINES THE WAY IT FUNCTIONS AND ITS SPECIFICITY.

Question 35

denature

Answer 35

enzymes denature at high temperatures, or have their tertiary structures altered beyond repair. protein cant function when denatured.

Question 36

quaternary structure of proteins

Answer 36

consist of multiple polypeptide chains. hemoglobin has 4 chains.

Question 37

substrate

Answer 37

chemical that an enzyme works on

Question 38

induced fit model

Answer 38

describes how enzymes work when substrate enters the active site, it induces enzyme to shape shape slightly so substrate fits better.

Question 39

cofactors

Answer 39

minerals that assist enzymes

Question 40

coenzymes

Answer 40

vitamins that assist enzymes

Question 41

prions

Answer 41

infectious proteins that cause brain diseases. mad cow disease. its a misfolded version of protein found in brains of mammals

Question 42

nucleic acids

Answer 42

DNA and RNA, they carry hereditary information. polymers of nucleotides.

Question 43

nucleotides

Answer 43

consist of a phosphate, 5 carbon sugar, and nitrogenous base.

Question 44

what bases are purines

Answer 44

a and g

Question 45

what bases are pyrimidines

Answer 45

c t u