Ch 12 Human Physiology Flashcards
(117 cards)
1
Q
two functions of digestive system
A
breaking down large molecules of food and absorbing smaller molecules
2
Q
fats get digested into ___ and ____
A
glycerol and fatty acids
3
Q
starch gets digested into ______ and _____
A
monosaccharides ad thats it
4
Q
vitamins are digested into _____ and ______
A
ridiculous question, they are small enough to go by without being digested
5
Q
peristalsis
A
process that pushes food along digestive tract
6
Q
muscles of digestive tract are controlled by _____ nervous system
A
autonomic
7
Q
salivary amylase
A
enzyme in saliva, begins STARCH digestion
8
Q
where does mechanical digestion occur
A
mouth
9
Q
where does chemical digestion occur
A
mouth
10
Q
what digestion occurs in esophagus
A
none
11
Q
epiglottis
A
flap of cartilage in back of throat (pharynx)
12
Q
what kind of digestion occurs in stomach
A
mechanical and chemical
13
Q
digestion of _____ begin in stomach
A
proteins
14
Q
mechanical digestion in stomach?
A
done by churning of its thick muscular walls
15
Q
pepsinogen
A
activated by hydrochloric acid and digests proteins in stomach
16
Q
cause of ulcers? treatable?
A
bacterium Heliobacter pylori; yes
17
Q
pH of small intenstine
A
6-8
18
Q
duodenum
A
first 10 inches of small intestine, completes all digestion.
19
Q
enzymes in small intestine
A
amylases, proteases, lipases, nucleases.
20
Q
villi
A
millions of fingerlike projections from small itestine, absorb all nutrients previously released from digested food.
21
Q
structure of villus
A
contains capillaries which absorb amino acids, vitamins, and monosaccharides directly into bloodstream. Lacteal absorbs fatty acids and glycerol into lymp system
22
Q
kidneys produce ____ that emulsify _____
A
bile; fats
23
Q
pH of bile
A
11
24
Q
role of bile
A
neutralize acidified food from the stomach in small intestine
25
gallbladder
keeps bile from lover until released into small intestine. body does not actually need it
26
other functions of liver
breaks down red blood cells, detoxifies blood, produces cholesterol for cell membranes, produces urea
27
pancreas
secretes peptidases into small instestines; protein digesting
28
what kind of digestion occurs in large intestine
none
29
3 functions of large intestine
egestion, vitamin production, reabsorption of water
30
egestion
removal of undigested waste
31
constipation
too much water is reabsorbed from intestine into body
32
diarrhea
not enough water is reabsorbed into body
33
rectum
egestion - removal of undigested waste
34
where does diffusion of gas occur
alveoli
35
what happens when rib cage expands
forces diaphragm to contract, move down; expands chest cavity and decreases internal pressure
36
why is air drawn into lungs
negative pressure - air inside the chest cavity is lower than air pressure surrounding the body
37
medulla
in brain, sets breathing rhythm by monitoring CO2 levels in blood and sensing pH
38
hemoglobin
carries oxygen; combines to form oxyhemoglobin
39
carbonic acid-bicarbonate ion system
maintains the blood at a constant pH of 7.4
40
plasma
liquid matrix in blood that suspends several cell types. 90% water
41
____ is necessary for normal blood clotting
calcium
42
pathway of normal blood clotting
thromboplastin + Ca++ stimulates prothrombin (inactive) to thrombin (active) which stimulates fibrinogen (inactive) to fibrin (active) which does the clotting.
43
erythrocytes
red blood cells; carry hemoglobin and oxygen, no nucleus, formed in bone marrow
44
leukocytes
white blood cells, fight infection, formed in bone marrow
45
trombocytes
platelets, clot blood, cell fragments
46
SA Node
sinoatrial node, heart's pacemaker, sets the timings of the contraction of the heart.
47
factors that influence the hearts pacemaker
nervous system, hormones, and body temperature
48
average blood pressure
120/80
49
systolic nuymber
number on top, measurement of pressure when ventricles contract
50
diastolic number
number on bottom, measurement of pressure when the heart relaxes
51
pathway of blood starting from right atrium go!
RA, RV, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary vein, LA, LV, aorta, body cells, vena cava
52
pulmonary artery carries _______ blood, and pulmonary vein carries ______ blood
deoxygenated, oxygenated
53
two systems that work together to maintain homeostasis
endocrine and nervous
54
endocrine system secretes ____, nervous secretes
hormones; neurotransmitters
55
ductless glands
produce hormones
56
short lived response EX
adrenaline causing fight or flight response
57
long term response EX
edcysone controls metamorphosis in insects
58
tropic hormones
stimulate other glands to release hormones; far reaching effect
59
hypothalamus
in brain; bridge between the endocrine and nervous systems
60
hypothalamus role in nervous system
sends electrical signals to adrenal gland to release adrenaline
61
hypothalamus role in endocrine
produces oxytocin and antidiuretic hormones thats stored in posterior pituitary
62
other roles of hypothalamus
thermostat and hunger/thirst regulator
63
hormones in anterior pituitary
growth, luteinizing, thyroid stimulating, follice stimulating
64
hormones in posterior pituitary
oxytocin and ADH
65
wtf are pituitaries
different glands that secrete hormones
66
two types of hormoes
steroid and nonsteroidal
67
steroid hormones
lipid, diffuse directly through plasma membrane and bind to receptor inside cell that triggers response
68
non steroidal hormones
protein; cannot dissolve in membrane, so they bind to receptor on surface, triggers secondary messenger (like c AMP)
69
positive feedback
enhances an already existing response. like childbirth contraction pressure stimulating more contractions.
70
negative feedback
maintains homeostasis, when something too low, it gets higher and vice versa
71
central nervous system consists of ____ and ___
brain and spinal cord
72
peripheral nervous system consists of ______
all nerves outside central system
73
somatic system
part of peripheral nervous system and controls the voluntary muscles
74
aotonomic system
part of the peripheral nervous system and controls the involuntary muscles
75
sensory
conveys info from sensory receptors or nerve endings
76
motor
stimulates voluntary and involuntary muscles. consist of somatic and autonomic systems
77
neuron
basic unit of nervous system. has two cytoplasmic extensions: dendrite and axons
78
dendrites
sensory, 100s can be in neuron
79
axons
transmit impulse from cell body to another cell. only one per neuron.
80
reflex arc
simplest nerve response. knee jerk reflex.
81
neuron at resting potential
its polarized, membrane potential of -70 mV. maintained by sodium potassium pump.
82
the larger the membrane potential, the _____ the stimulus must be to cause the nerve to fire
stronger
83
action potential
impulse, can only be generated in the axon when it overcomes the threshold. sodium channels open, floods into cell, potassium out of cell,
84
wave of depolarization
rapid movement of sodium ions in to cell and potassium ions out of cell
85
repolarization
sodium pump restores membrane to original position. causes refractory period
86
refractory period
when graph of neuron dips below resting potential; neuron can't respond to another stimulus.
87
impulse travels along axon ______, it crosses a synapse ________ through the use of ______
electrically, chemically, neurotransmitters
88
cones
photoreceptors in retina that distinguish colors
89
cornea
tough and clear; protects the eye
90
humor
fluids that maintain eye's shape
91
iris
colored part of eye, controls how much light gets in
92
lens
focuses light on retina
93
retina
converts light into nerve impulses to brain
94
rods
very sensistive photoreceptors, but no color distinction
95
auditory canal
ear canal where sound enters
96
cochlea
fluid filled art of inner ear, sends nerve impulses to brain
97
ear bones
hammer, anvil, and strrup. transmit vibrations from eardrum to oval window
98
eustachian tube
equalizes pressure between environment and inner ear
99
oval window
sends waves of pressure to cochlea
100
semicircular canals
fluid filled, helps maintain balance
101
tympanum
ear drum, vibrates as sound hits it
102
excretion
removal of metabolic wastes; skin, lunds, liver, and kineys are organs involved
103
renal artery
supplies blood to kidney to filter
104
antidiuretic hormone
released by posterior pituitary, targets collecting tube of nephron. regulates blood pressure by controlling how much water is reabsorbed by the kidneys.
105
nephron
basic funcitonal unit of kidney. consists of glomerulus, bowmans capsule, tubule, and loop of henle.
106
four steps of nephron
filtration, secretion, reabsorption, and excretion
107
glomerulus
sluster of capillaries in nephron that sits inside bowmans capsule
108
bowmans capsule
contains glomerulus
109
tubule
long narrow tube in nephron
110
filtration (kidney)
occurs by diffusion, passive and nonselective. filtrate goes into bowmans capsule, goes through loop of henle, and then collecting duct. trickles to ureter, urethra, and out of body
111
secretion (kidney)
active, selective uptake of molecules that didnt get filtered into bowmans capsule.
112
reabsorption (kidney)
water and solutes that initially entered tubule during filtration are transported back into body
113
excretion (kidney)
removal of metabolic wastes.
114
smooth muscle
involuntary, walls of blood vessels, and digestive tract. not striated. autonomic
115
cardiac muscle
found in heart, not striated, generates its own action potential (will beat even outside body).
116
skeletal muscles
voluntary. large. work in pairs
117
sliding filament theory
how muscles work; actin and myosin proteins
