Ch 8 evolution

Question 1

Microevolution

Answer 1

changes in one gene pool of a population over generations

Question 2

macroevolution

Answer 2

speciation, formation of new species.

Question 3

can populations change or evolve?

Answer 3

yes

Question 4

can individuals change or evolve?

Answer 4

no

Question 5

six areas of study that provide evidence of evolution

Answer 5

fossil record, comparative anatomy, comparative biochemistry, comparative embryology, molecular biology, and biogeography.

Question 6

fossil record

Answer 6

reveals the existence of species that have become extinct or have evolved into other species.

Question 7

___% of all organisms that ever lived on earth are now extinct

Answer 7

99

Question 8

earth is ____ years old

Answer 8

4.6 billion

Question 9

how is the age of the earth determined

Answer 9

through radioactive dating and half life

Question 10

_____ were the oldest fossils and earths first organisms

Answer 10

prokaryotic cells

Question 11

transistional fossils

Answer 11

link older extinct fossils to modern species

Question 12

comparative anatomy

Answer 12

organisms that have similar anatomical structures are related to each other and have a common ancestor

Question 13

homologous structures

Answer 13

function of common anatomical structure differs, but has the same interior bone structure. Ex: wing of bat, lateral fin of whale, and human arm

Question 14

homologous structures are an example of _____ evolution

Answer 14

divergent. we diverged from a common ancestor millions of years ago

Question 15

analogous structures

Answer 15

same function of not same underlying structure. Ex: bat’s wing and fly’s wing. reflects adaptation to a similar environment.

Question 16

homologous and analogous structures are evidence of a common origin/ancenstry

Answer 16

no. analogous structures do not provide this evidence

Question 17

analogous structures are evidence of _____ evolution

Answer 17

convergent.

Question 18

vestigial structures

Answer 18

evidence that anatomy of animals have evolved. structures that are not used by the body anymore like the appendix, which shows human ancestors had a very different diet.

Question 19

comparative biology

Answer 19

org’s that have common ancestor will have common biochemical pathways.

Question 20

comparative embryology

Answer 20

closely related org’s go through similar stages in embryonic development.

Question 21

molecular biology

Answer 21

since all aerobic org’s have cells that carry out respiration and require ETC’s, they also cojntain necessary protein, cytochrome c. comparison of amino acid sequences of cytochrome c show differences in evolution.

Question 22

biogeography

Answer 22

theory of continental drift. Pangaea 250 million years ago. study of locations of fossils prove this.

Question 23

Lamarcks theories

Answer 23

relied on ideas of inheritance of acquired characteristics and use/disuse. individual organisms change in response to environment. Giraffes stretch necks to reach tall trees and pass that on to child.

Question 24

essence of darwin’s natural selection theory

Answer 24

pop’s tended to grow exponentially to overpopulate and exceed resources (Malthus). Overpop causes competition. There is variation in species as to who survives more easily. best fits survive.

Question 25

difference between darwin and lamarck

Answer 25

lamarck thought individuals change according to environment and pass on those changes to offspring. Darwin though populations changed based on traits of the best fit org's.

Question 26

antibiotics mutated bacteria which then became drug resistant?

Answer 26

no. drugs killed off all the susceptible bacteria, leaving the ones that were resistant to antibiotics. these then reproduced a new generation of drug resistant bacteria.

Question 27

Stabilizing selection

Answer 27

eliminates the numbers of extremes and favors the more common intermediate forms. weeds out mutants

Question 28

disruptive selection

Answer 28

aka diversifying. increases the numbers of extreme types in a population at the expense of intermediates

Question 29

directional selection

Answer 29

peppered moths, environmental changes,

Question 30

a single point mutation can introduce a new ____ into a population

Answer 30

allele

Question 31

genetic drift

Answer 31

change in gene pool due to chance EX: bootleneck and founder effect

Question 32

bottleneck effect

Answer 32

natural disasters the reduce size of a pop nonselectively. loss in genetic variation. pop is smaller and not representative in old one.

Question 33

founder effect

Answer 33

small population breaks off from original to colonize a new area. rare alleles may be overrepresented

Question 34

gene flow

Answer 34

movement of alleles into or out of population

Question 35

hardy weinberg equilibrium

Answer 35

describes stable, nonevolving population where allele frequency does not change

Question 36

conditions for hardy weinberg

Answer 36

very large population, must be isolated, no mutations, random mating, no natural selection

Question 37

hardy weinberg equations

Answer 37

p + q = 1 | p^2 + 2pq + q^2

Question 38

species

Answer 38

population whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable offspring

Question 39

anything that fragments a poplation and isolates small groups of individuals may foster a new species

Answer 39

true

Question 40

horses and donkeys interbreed in nature, they produce a mule which is infertile. are horse and donkey same species?

Answer 40

no

Question 41

geographic isolation

Answer 41

species are separated by like a lake, mountains, canyons, or glacier.

Question 42

polyploidy causing isolation?

Answer 42

polyploid organisms cannot breed with others that are not polyploidy

Question 43

habitat isolation

Answer 43

two organisms are in the same habitat but rarely encounter

Question 44

behavorial isolation

Answer 44

two animals become isolated ffrom each other because of some change in behavior by one member. fireflies not blinking

Question 45

temporal isolation

Answer 45

refers to time. some plants sexually mature eariler and flower in winter, whiile others flower in summer.

Question 46

reproductive isolation

Answer 46

closely related species cant mate because of anatomical incompatability

Question 47

divergent evolution

Answer 47

population becomes isolated and exposed to new selective pressures. evolves into a new species. evident through homologous structures

Question 48

convergent evolution

Answer 48

two unrelated species occupy same area, and subjected to similar selective pressures and show similar adaptations. evident by analogous structures

Question 49

parallel evolution

Answer 49

describes two related species that have made similar evolutionary adaptations after their divergence from common ancestor

Question 50

coevolution

Answer 50

mutual evolutionary set of adaptations of two interacting species like pollinator-plant relationships

Question 51

adapttive radiation

Answer 51

emergence of numerous species from a single common ancestor introduced into a new environment. variations of finches beaks on galapagos islands

Question 52

gradualism

Answer 52

theory that organisms descend from a common ancestor gradually over a long period of time, in a linear or branching fashion. big changes occur by a number of small ones

Question 53

punctuated equilibrium

Answer 53

becuase of fossil records showing lack or transition, scientists abandoned gradualism for this theory, which states that new species appear suddenly after long periods of no change.

Question 54

spontaneous generation

Answer 54

theory that living things emerge from nonliving or inanimate objects. disproved with meat and maggot experiment

Question 55

describe ancient earth's atmosphere

Answer 55

CH4 (methane), NH3 (ammonia), H2O (vapor), and N2 but no free oxygen. intense haet, lightning, and UV radiation which produced first cell.

Question 56

heterotroph hypothesis

Answer 56

states first cells on earth (3.5 billion years ago) were anaerobic heterotrophic prokaryotes who simply absorbed surrounding organic molecules

Question 57

characteristics that enabled animals to move to land

Answer 57

lungs, skin, limbs, internal fertilization mechanisms, and shells for eggs

Question 58

characteristics that enabled plants to move to land

Answer 58

roots, supporting cells, vascular tissue, cuticle, seeds

Question 59

mammals appeared on earth about ____ years ago

Answer 59

210 million

Question 60

humans evolved from apes

Answer 60

no. humans and apes both arose from a common ancestor 10 million years ago.

Question 61

summary of evolution

Answer 61

it is not always slow (bacteria can take months), does not occur at same rate in every org, does not have to make org's more complex, occurs in pops, and directed by changes in the enviro.