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Human Development > Ch. 1 Definitions > Flashcards

Ch. 1 Definitions Flashcards

(82 cards)

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1
Q

Development

A

Pattern of movement or change beginning at conception and continuing through human life span

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2
Q

Life expectancy

A

Average number of years a person born in a particular year can expect to live

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3
Q

Life-span perspective

A

Development is lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, plastic, multidisciplinary and contextual; involving growth, maintenance, and regulation of loss constructed through biological sociocultural and individual factors working together

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4
Q

Lifelong

A

No age period dominates development

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5
Q

Multidimensional

A

Body, mind, emotions, relationships including many components

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6
Q

Multidirectional

A

Dimensions/components expand and shrink

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7
Q

Plasticity

A

Capacity for change

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8
Q

Multidisciplinary

A

Developmental science involves professionals from various disciplines

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9
Q

Contextual

A

Development occurs within contextual setting, influenced by historical, economic, social, and cultural factors

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10
Q

Normative age-graded influences

A

Similar for individuals in a particular age group

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11
Q

Normative history-graded influences

A

Similar for people of a particular generation due to historical circumstances

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12
Q

Nonnormative life events

A

Unusual occurrences that have a major impact on an individual’s life

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13
Q

Culture

A

Behavior, patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a group of people passed from generation to generation

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14
Q

Cross-cultural studies

A

Comparisons of one culture with one or more other cultures (assessing similarity or universality across cultures)

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15
Q

Ethnicity

A

Characteristic based on cultural heritage, nationality characteristics, race, religion, language

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16
Q

Socioeconomic status

A

Person’s position within society based on occupational, educational, economic characteristics

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17
Q

Gender

A

Characteristics of people as males or females

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18
Q

Social policy

A

Government’s course of action designed to promote the welfare of its citizens

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19
Q

Biological processes

A

Processes that produce changes in an individual’s physical nature

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20
Q

Cognitive processes

A

Processes that involve changes in thought, intelligence, language

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21
Q

Socioemotional processes

A

Processes that involve changes in relationships with other people, emotions, and personality

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22
Q

Developmental period

A

Timeframe in a person’s life characterized by certain features

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23
Q

Prenatal period

A

Conception to birth

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24
Q

Infancy

A

Birth to 18/24 months

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25
Early childhood
18/24 months through age 5/6 (also called preschool years)
26
Middle and late childhood
6 to 11 years
27
Adolescence
Transition from childhood to early adulthood, from approximately 10/12 through 18/21
28
Emerging adulthood
18 to 25 years; transitional period characterized by experimentation and exploration
29
Identity exploration
Characteristic of emerging adulthood especially in love and work
30
Instability
Characteristic of emerging adulthood in residence, love, work, education
31
Self-focused
Little social obligation, duties and commitments to others, lots of autonomy
32
Feeling in-between
Not adolescents and not full adults
33
Age of possibilities
The sense of opportunity to transform life, optimistic and seizing a positive future
34
Early adulthood
From late teens/early 20s through 30s
35
Middle adulthood
Approximately 40 to 60 years old
36
Late adulthood
Approximately 60s/70s through death; divided between young old 65-84 and oldest old 85+
37
Chronological age
Number of years elapsed since birth
38
Biological age
Age in terms of physical health and capacity of functional organs
39
Psychological age
Adaptive capacities compared to others of same chronological age
40
Social age
Connectedness with others and social roles
41
Normal aging
Psychological functioning peaks in early middle age, remains stable, then declines
42
Pathological aging
Greater than average declines in aging
43
Successful aging
Positive physical, cognitive, and socioemotional development maintained longer
44
Nature-nurture issue
Debate about primary influence between biological inheritance vs. environmental experiences
45
Stability-change issue
Debate about whether and to what degree we become older renditions of our earlier selves or develop into someone different from who we were
46
Continuity-discontinuity issue
Debate that focuses on development as gradual, continual change vs. distinct changes
47
Scientific method
1) conceptualize a process or problem 2) collect data 3) analyze data 4) draw conclusions
48
Theory
An interrelated coherent set of ideas that helps explain phenomena and make predictions
49
Hypotheses
Specific assumptions and predictions that can be tested to determine accuracy
50
Psychoanalytic theories
Development as primarily unconscious and heavily colored by emotion; behavior is surface characteristic to be understood through analyzing symbolic workings of the mind. Emphasis on early experiences with parents
51
Freud’s theory
Psychosexual development in stages
52
Erikson’s theory
Proposes 8 psychosocial stages of tasks with crises that must be resolved Trust vs. mistrust, Autonomy vs. shame/doubt Initiative vs. guilt Industry vs. inferiority Identity vs. identity confusion Intimacy vs. isolation Generativity vs. stagnation Integrity vs. despair
53
Cognitive theories
Emphasis on conscious thought
54
Piaget’s theory
4 stages of cognitive development to construct understanding of the world Sensorimotor (birth-2) Preoperational (2-7) Concrete operational (7-11) Formal operational (11+)
55
Vygotsky’s theory
Sociocultural cognitive theory emphasizing culture and social interaction guiding development
56
Information-processing theory
Emphasizing that individuals manipulate, monitor, and strategize about information (memory and thinking are central)
57
Operant conditioning
Consequences of a behavior produce changes in the probability of the behavior’s occurrence (Skinner)
58
Social cognitive theory
View that behavior, environment, and cognition key factors in development (Bandura)
59
Observational learning
Imitation/modeling; learning that occurs through observing what others do
60
Ethology
Behavior strongly influenced by biology, tied to evolution, characterized by critical/sensitive periods (Lorenz)
61
Imprinting
Rapid, innate learning involving attachment to first moving object seen (Lorenz)
62
Ecological theory
Environmental systems theory that focuses on five environmental systems: Microsystem (immediate context), Mesosystem (relationships between Microsystems), Exosystem (links between immediate context and ones removed), Macrosystem (broader culture), chronosystem (patterning and transition over time) (Bronfenbrenner)
63
Eclectic theoretical orientation
Does not follow any one approach but selects from each theory what is considered best
64
Laboratory
Controlled setting from which complex factors of “real world” have been removed
65
Naturalistic observation
Observing behavior in real-world settings
66
Standardized test
Test with uniform procedures for administration and scoring (allowing comparison)
67
Case study
In-depth look at a single individual
68
fMRI
Functional magnetic resonance imaging
69
EEG
Electroencephalography
70
Descriptive research
Aims to observe and record behavior
71
Correlational research
Strives to describe the strength of the relationship between two or more events or characteristics
72
Correlation coefficient
Number based on a statistical analysis used to describe degree of association between two variables
73
Experiment
Carefully regulated procedure in which one or more factors are manipulated while all other factors are held constant
74
Independent variable
Manipulated, influential, experimental factor
75
Dependent variable
Factor that can change in an experiment
76
Random assignment
Participants assigned to research groups by chance
77
Control group
Comparison group that resembles experimental group as closely as possible
78
Cross-sectional approach
Research strategy in which individuals of different ages are compared at one time
79
Longitudinal approach
Research strategy in which individuals are studied over a period of time
80
Cohort effects
Characteristics attributable to a person’s time of birth, era, or generation (not actual age)
81
Ethical research
Informed consent, confidentiality, debriefing, deception
82
Ethnic gloss
Use of an ethnic label in a superficial way that portrays an ethnic group as being more homogenous than it is

Human Development (17 decks)

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