Ch. 1: Intro to Neuroscience Flashcards
1
Q
Define:
Rostral
A
Toward th top of nervous system (nose)
Top of neural tube bends so this can be different than superior
2
Q
Define:
Caudal
A
Bottom of neural tube
3
Q
What plane is shown?
A
Horizontal section
4
Q
What plane is shown?
A
Coronal
5
Q
What plane is shown?
A
Midsagittal
6
Q
Which are the support cells of the nervous system?
A. White matter
B. Grey matter
A
White matter
7
Q
Which is associated with long processes (axons or “wires”)?
A. White matter
B. Grey matter
A
White matter
8
Q
Which is insulated?
A. White matter
B. Grey matter
A
White matter
9
Q
What are other names for white matter?
A
- Tract
- Lemniscus
- Fasiculus
- Column
- Peduncle
- Capsule
10
Q
Which one is neural tissue?
A. White matter
B. Grey matter
A
Grey matter
11
Q
Which is made up of cell bodies (soma)?
A. White matter
B. Grey matter
A
Grey matter
12
Q
Where are white and grey matter located in the brain?
A
13
Q
What is a Ganglion?
A
Cluster of cell bodies (grey matter) in peripheral nervous system → outside brain and spinal cord
14
Q
What is a Nucleus?
A
Cluster of cell bodies (grey matter) in central nervous system → inside brain or spinal cord
15
Q
Where are signals created in the brain?
How are they transported?
A
Created in cell bodies (grey matter)
Transported through axons (white matter)
16
Q
In the peripheral nervous system, what do the afferent axons do?
A
Sensory function
Carry infro toward middle of body and up
17
Q
In the peripheral nervous system, what do the efferent axons do?
A
Motor function and action
Carry information down and out
18
Q
How many spinal segments are there?
How are the grouped?
A
31 total
8 - cervical
12 - thoracic
5 - lumbar
5 - sacral
1 - coccygeal
19
Q
Define:
Ventral Root
A
Motor in function
Efferent in nature
20
Q
Define:
Dorsal Root (and dorsal root ganglion)
A
Sensory in function
Afferent in nature
21
Q
What is a spinal nerve?
A
Where 2 roots (ventral and dorsal) join together
Has both sensory & motor neurons
22
Q
The spinal nerve breaks into what 3 parts?
A
- Dorsal ramus
- Ventral ramus
- Rami communicantes
23
Q
The dorsal ramus goes to the _______
A
Back
24
Q
The ventral ramus goes to the _______
A
front
(arms and legs)
25
What is the Rami Communicantes?
Autonomic piece
26
What are spinal columns?
Places in spinal cord where wires are bundled together
27
What are the names of the 3 spinal columns
and where are the located?
28
What are the 2 functions of the spinal cord?
1. Conduct Information: transmit info up/down quickly (white matter)
2. Process Information: bring info together (grey matter)
* happens where there are connections
29
When does the spinal cord become the brainstem?
SUPERIOR to the Foramen Magnum
30
What 4 cranial nerves are associated with the Medulla?
* IX - Glossopharyngeal
* swallowing, salivation and taste
* X - Vagus
* regulates viscera, swallowing, speech and taste
* XI - Spinal Accessory
* elevates shoulders, turns head
* XII - Hypoglossal
* moves tounge
31
What is the Pyramid
and where is it located?
Two bumps on either side of midline of FRONT of medulla
Contains all motor axons from brain to body
32
What is the "Decussation" of the Pyramids
and where is it located?
Crossing over at the most caudal part of the pyramids
Where all motor axons cross
33
What are the 2 major structures of the Medulla?
1. Pyramids
2. Decussation of the pyramids
34
What 4 cranial nerves are associated with the Pons?
Only one in Pons:
* V - Trigeminal
* facial sensation, chewing, sensation from temporomandibular joint
Exist at *border of Pons and Medulla*:
* VI - Abducens
* abducts pupil of eye
* VII - Facial
* facial expression, closes eyes, tears, salivation, and taste
* VIII - Vestibulocochlear
* sensation of head position relative to gravity and head movement; hearing
35
What is the prominate structure of the Pons?
What does it do
**Bulge**
* Anterior surface of Pons
* Cerebellar connections
* motor nerves from brain -\> pons -\> cerebellum
* Asks, "Does movement match the plan?"
36
What 3 components make up the Brainstem?
* Midbrain - most rostral
* Pons
* Medulla
37
What 2 cranial nerves are associated with the Midbrain?
* III - Occulomotor
* moves pupil of the eye up, down, medially; raises upper eyelid; constricts pupil
* IV - Trochlear
* moves pupil of the eye medially and down
38
What are the 2 prominant structures of the Midbrain?
1. Cerebral peduncles
2. Tectum
39
What are the Cerebral Peduncles
and where are they located?
Bundles of white matter containing motor wiring → continues through pons and into medulla as the "pyramids"
Anterior surface of midbrain
40
What is the Tectum
and where is it located?
* Has 4 bumps called colliculi
* Superior Colliculi (top 2)
* wires and connections - visual pathways
* Inferior Colliculi (bottom 2)
* wires and connections - hearing
* The roof or backside of the midbrain (sensory)
41
What does the cerebellum do?
Coordination and voluntary movements
Compares reality to plan for movement
42
What do the divided parts of the cerebellum control?
* R & L Hemispheres: control extremities
* Midline (Vermis): controls core
43
What is the Diencephalon or Thalamus
and where is it located?
collection of nuclei (cell bodies) - process **sensation**
Base of brain
44
What is the Basil Ganglia
and where is it located?
Cluster of cell bodies INSIDE brain (breaks the rule)
Involved with motor function and motor planning
Anterior to Thalamus
45
What is a sulcus?
Shallow depression in brain surface
46
What is a fissure?
Very deep sulcus/rut in brain surface
47
What is a gyrus?
Mound or bulge out of brain surface
48
What is a lobe?
geographical area of brain with common function
49
Where is the Frontal Lobe
and what does it do?
Motor and executive function
Goal setting, planning, dreaming for future while awake
50
Where is the Parietal Lobe
and what does it do?
Sensory function
51
Where is the Temporal Lobe
and what does it do?
Auditory function (behind ears)
52
Where is the Occipital Lobe
and what does it do?
Processing vision
53
Where is the Limbic Lobe
and what does it do?
Emotion
54
Where is the Insular Lobe located?
Piece of surface/cortex folded in on side and is insulated
55
What is the deep depression that separates the right and left hemispheres?
Longitudinal Fissure
56
What is the purpose of a Sulci?
Distinguish lobes from each other
57
What is the central sulcus?
lateral aspect of brain:
separates frontal and parietal lobe
separates motor from sensory
58
What is the lateral sulcus?
lateral aspect of brain:
separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes
59
What is the parietoocipital sulcus?
medial aspect of brain:
separates parietal from occipital
separates body sensation from vision
60
What is the cingulate sulcus?
medial aspect of brain:
separates limbic lobe from everythong else
61
What is the precentral gyrus?
Mound in front of central sulcus
Conscious motor function
62
What is the postcentral gyrus?
Mound behind central sulcus
conscious sensation from body
63
What is the corpus callosum?
broad bundle of wires - floor of longitudinal fissure
connects R & L hemisphere
64
What is the internal capsule?
bundle of white matter - connects all sensory & motor function from one side of brain to the other side face and body
65
What does the cerebral fluid system do?
* mechanically cushions brain and spinal cord
* regulates extracellular milieu and protects the CNS (chemically and mechanically)
66
What is the Choroid Plexus
and where is it located?
Thin walled, leaky capillary: strains formed elements and releases plasma into ventricle
Situated in R & L ventricle
67
What is a ventricle?
Fluid filled space
68
What is the flow of CSF through the ventricles?
Ventricle (R or L) → Foramina of Monro → Third Ventricle → Cerebral Aqueduct → Fourth Ventricle → Leak out 3 foramina at bottom [Foramina of Luscha (2) and Foramen of Magendie (1)]
69
What structures are anterior and posterior to the
Cerebral Aqueduct?
Anterior: Midbrain
Posterior: Tectum
70
What structures are anterior and posterior to the
Fourth Ventricle?
Anterior: Pons
Posterior: Cerebellum
71
Is CSF found within the spinal cord?
Not under normal circumstances. It is AROUND the spinal cord, but not in it.
72
What are the 3 layers of Meninges covering the brain and spinal cord?
1. Dura Mater (Superficial)
2. Arachnoid Mater
3. Pia Mater (Deep)
73
What is the function of the
Dura Mater?
Tough outter menigial layer
Prevents shifting of skull
74
What are the two layers of Dura Mater?
* Outer Layer: always applied to the skull
* Inner Layer: can break off and divide into brain creating pockets
75
What is the Falx Cerebri?
Functions?
* Inner layer of dura mater diving into longitudinal fissure
* Prevents hemispheres from hitting against eachother
76
What is the Tentorium Cerebelli?
Functions?
* Inner layer of dura mater diving occipital and cerebellum
* Cushions occipital lobe and cerebellum
77
What is the space created when outer and inner layer of dura mater separate?
Dural Sinus
Void or space filled with used up CSF (aka gutters)
78
What is the function and location of the
Arachnoid Mater?
* Spider web like middle layer. Closely applied to dura mater and trails web down to brain
* Forms **Subarachnoid Space:** contains outside water balloon
79
What is an Arachnoid Villi?
Single, finger like projection pokes through dura mater and into sinus
80
What is an Arachnoid Granulation?
* The cluster of grapes on the end of an Arachnoid Villi
* Lets CSF leak into sinus on its way back to the heart
81
What is the function and location of the
Pia Mater?
* Sits on brain itself. Adheres to tissue on brain.
* Follows gyri and sulci (contours of the brains)
82
What is the pattern of **CSF** circulation from the heart to the brain and back to the heart?
Heart → vertebral arteries → brain space → within brain choroid plexus strains blood → enters 2 lat ventricles → flows down Foramen Monro → 3rd ventricle → cerebral aqueduct → 4th ventricle → 3 foramena/holes → flows int subarachnoid space around outside of brain and spinal cord → pools in sinuses → drain through jugular veins back to heart
83
True or False:
Peripheral nerves are highly vascularized. Individual Axons are highly dependent on adequate blood supply
True
84
What 3 arteries supply blood to the spinal cord?
Where are they located?
* 1 Anterior Spinal Artery: at anterior midline
* 2 Posterior Spinal Arteries:
\*Anterior and posterior arteries are connected by a ring of arteries
85
What vascular supply comprises the Posterior Circulation or Vertebrobasilar System?
Vascular supply to the
* Brainstem
* Cerebellum
* Minority of cerebral hemisphere
86
How do the vertebral arteries enter the skull?
* Ascend spinal column through wings of vertebrae
* Pierce meninges at Foramen Magnum
* Enter skull
87
What arteries branch off the vertebral arteries?
What do they supply?
* Directly supply Medulla
* Anterior Spinal Artery
* Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery
* covers back and bottom of cerebellum
* Posterior Spinal Arteries
88
The right & left vertebral arteries join to form what artery?
Basilar Artery
89
What arteries branch off the Basilar Artery?
What do they supply?
* Anterior Inferior Cereballar Artery
* Front bottom of cerebellum
* Superior Cerebellar Artery
* Top of cerebellum
90
What is the main function of the Basilar Artery?
Blood supply to the Pons
91
Where are the Posterior Cerebral Arteries?
What do they supply?
* Basilar continues up and splits into these arteries
* Feed bottom and Occipital Lobe of Cerebrum
* As it splits a few branches feed Midbrain
92
What vascular supply comprises the Anterior Circulation?
(Vascular supply to majority of cerebral hemisphere)
* Internal Carotid Arteries
* 2 on each side
* Cerebral Arteries
* cortical vs deep branches
93
What do the internal carotid arteries supply?
* Right & Left Hemisphere
* Base of Brain
* Connects with Posterior Circulation
\*Comes up in front of basilar artery
94
What do the Internal Carotid Arteries branch into?
The Cerebral Arteries
* Anterior Cerebral Artery
* Middle Cerebral Artery
95
The Anterior Cerebral Artery run?
* Runs in Longitudinal Fissure
* One for each hemisphere
* Covers medial surface of brain, comes out on top of Longitudinal Fissure and is visibal on top surface of Cerebrum
96
What does the Anterior Cerebral Artery supply?
Medial surface of brain (frontal, parietal and limbic lobe - NOT occipital)
97
Lack of blood to what artery causes lack of coordination?
Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery
| (Feeds Cerebellum)
98
Where does the Middle Cerebral Artery Run?
* Through the Lateral Sulcus
* Runs to lateral aspect of cerebrum
99
What does the Middle Cerebral Artery Supply?
* Supplies blood to outside of head
* Lateral aspect of: frontal, parietal and temporal lobes
100
What is the purpose of the Circle of Willis?
Connects the artery suppies side to side and front to back
101
What arteries make up the Circle of Willis?
* Anterior Cerebral Arteries (2)
* Anterior Communicating Artery (1)
* Internal Carotid Arteries (2)
* Posterior Communicating Arteries (2)
* Posterior Cerebral Arteries (2)
102
What are the arteries to the deep structures and ventricles?
* Anterior Choroidal A.
* Bottom of Basil Ganglia
* Posterior Choroidal A.
* Bottom and back of Thalamus
\*Choroidal = means deep structures and ventricles
103
What arteries go to the deep structues only?
* Medial and Lateral Striate Arteries
* Deep structures and internal capsule
\*Striate = Deep Structures (Basil Ganglia)
104
What arteries do the deep arteries branch from?
* Middle Cerbral Artery branches into:
* Anterior Choroidal A.
* Medial Striate A.
* Lateral Striate A.
* Posterior Cerebral Artery branches into:
* Posterior Choroidal Artery
105
What is a Dural Sinus?
* Created when inner and outer layers of Dura Mater separate creating a space
* Holds used up CSF blood (and CSF) getting dumped back into heart.
106
What are the 3 major Dural Sinuses?
* Superior (Mid)Sagittal Sinus
* Inferior Sagittal Sinus
* Transvere Sinus
107
How does used up CSF and blood move from Dural Sinus back to the heart?
Dumps from Superior and Inferior Sagittal Sinus into Transverse Sinus
Then, down Internal Jugular Vein
