Ch 1: Overview of Communication Development

Question 1

Communication

Answer 1

Sharing of information between 2 or more people
Sender and receiver
Can be gestures and may be contextually bounded

Question 2

Language

Answer 2

Symbolic communication
Spoken, written, signed
Code-bound, not contextually bounded

Question 3

Speech

Answer 3

Sounds that produce words/spoken language
Phoneme, anatomy

Without language, speech has no meaning

Question 4

Receptive language

Answer 4

Comprehension, understanding
Typically precedes production in speed

Question 5

Expressive language

Answer 5

Production
Expressing and producing a language themselves

Question 6

Domains of Communication

Answer 6

FORM (phonetics, morphology, syntax) CONTENT/MEANING (semantics), USE (pragmatics)

Question 7

Form

Answer 7

Behavior used to communicate, how gestures, sounds, words and sentences are organized to convey context

Phonetics, morphology, syntax

Question 8

Content/Meaning

Answer 8

Meaning of communication

Semantics (lexical)

Question 9

Use

Answer 9

Function/reason for communication
How personal and social needs are met

Pragmatics: use of language in social situations/interactions

Some examples of pragmatics:
1. Behavior regulation: request, protest
2. Special Interaction: attention-seeking, greeting
3. Joint Attention: asking questions, commenting

Question 10

Communicative Competence

Answer 10

Knowledge and implicit awareness language speakers have and use to communicate effectively
Linguistic and pragmatic aspects
Form, meaning, use

Question 11

Linguistic aspect of Communicative Competence

Answer 11

Phonological competence
Grammatical competence (morph and syntax)
Lexical competence (semantics)
Discourse competence

Question 12

Phonological competence

Answer 12

PHONETICS
Recognize and produce phonemes

Question 13

Grammatical competence

Answer 13

SYNTAX and MORPHEMES
Recognize and produce syntactic structures

Question 14

Lexical competence

Answer 14

SEMANTICS
Recognize and produce words

Question 15

Discourse competence

Answer 15

Recognize and produce words coherently and in cohesive speech events

Question 16

Pragmatic aspect of Communicative Competence

Answer 16

Functional competence
Sociolinguistic competence (Speech register)
Interactional competence
Cultural competence

Question 17

Functional competence

Answer 17

Language use in various purposes such as requesting, rejecting, commenting

USE

Question 18

Sociolinguistic competence

Answer 18

Interpret social meaning and use, using socially acceptable language

Question 19

Speech register

Answer 19

A part of sociolinguistic competence
Variety of speech appropriate to particular speech situation, and the ability to switch between registers

Question 20

Interactional competence

Answer 20

Understanding and applying implicit rules for interaction such as eye contact and proximity

Question 21

Cultural competence

Answer 21

Functions effectively in cultural contexts and being able to understand different cultural undertones

Question 22

Foundation for communicative competence

Answer 22

Joint reference and attention
(Intersubjective awareness)
Rituals of infancy
Caregiver responsiveness

Question 23

Joint attention

Answer 23

Simultaneous engagement between 2 people on a single referent/object

Question 24

Intersubjective awareness

Answer 24

Recognize when one shares a mental focus on some object with another person

Question 25

Rituals of infancy

Answer 25

Provides comfort/predictability in their life, leads to language development as feelings of safety develop Opportunity for joint attention Also just hears thing repeatedly, more likely to learn it

Question 26

Caregiver responsiveness

Answer 26

Caregiver's attention and sensitivity to infant communication attempts leads to presymbolic intentional communication Examples: 1. Waiting and listening 2. Following child's lead 3. Joining in and playing 4. Being face to face

Question 27

Major communicative milestones in infancy

Answer 27

Emergence of intentionality (preintentional, presymbolic intentional and symbolic intentional) First word (10-14 months avg)

Question 28

General stages of communication: preintentional stage

Answer 28

No intent to communicate Everything is a biological or reflexive response Actions are often viewed as intentional by adults

Question 29

General stages of communication: Pre-symbolic intentional

Answer 29

Prelanguage intentional Purposeful communication without language use. Instead uses: Gestures Eye contact Vocal Contextually bound, as gestures depend on context NOT a code that represents the same thing repeatedly

Question 30

General stages of communication: Symbolic intentional stage

Answer 30

Purposeful communication with use of language, still may be using nonsymbolic gestures regularly

Question 31

True word criteria

Answer 31

Intentional with purpose Recognizable pronunciation (if using different word, it is still communicative by not a symbolic code) Consistent in various contexts

Question 32

Major communicative milestones in toddlerhood

Answer 32

Form: Increased MLU double words (18-24 months) Achievement: vocab spurt Underextension Overextension Use: Several language functions, not the best conversation wise

Question 33

Underextension

Answer 33

New word is ONLY applied to that object over the category Applied to narrower than appropriate context

Question 34

Overextension

Answer 34

New word applied to wider than appropriate context

Question 35

Major communicative milestones in preschool

Answer 35

Form: Derivational morphemes (change meaning) Meaning: Fast-mapping (initial exposure to word followed by quick acquisition of sense of meaning through process of elimination) Decontextualized language (beyond here and now, more precise vocab syntax and grammar) Use: more functions, conversational skills such as taking turns, and narrative skills Achievements in emergent literacy: Oral language Phonological awareness Print awareness Alphabet knowledge

Question 36

Major communicative milestones for school-age

Answer 36

Functional flexibility: variety of higher level functions such as explaining and hypothesizing, improved conversational abilities Chall's stages of reading and writing: 1. initial reading and decoding stage (sounding out) 2. Confirmation/fluency and ungluing (Smooth) 3. Reading to learn (Comprehend) 4. Multiple view points 5. Construction and reconstruction (selective reading, skimming and metacog) Literate language: highly decontextualized, sole reliance on language for meaning