Introduction to Acquired Language Disorders Flashcards
(18 cards)
Key features of language in adulthood: FORM
Form:
More complex and cohesive use of linguistic devices
PN, V, ADV more complex
Late adulthood:
Decline in complex sentence production related to word retrieval problems (typical cognitive decline)
Key features of language in adulthood: CONTENT
Content:
Adds to personal vocabulary using between 30-60k words expressively
Receptive vocabulary even larger
Specialized vocab (jargon) for work and hobbies and other affiliations
Vocab expands in specialized ways
Late adulthood:
Word retrieval and naming not as fast or accurrate
Difficulty with working memory
Key features of language in adulthood: USE
Use:
variety of uses such as to influence, impart knowledge and make needs known
Can sense pragmatic role in conversation with body language, formality and vocabulary
Late adulthood:
Less flexible and difficulty with word retrieval
Adult language vs. Child language
Adult language:
More vocabulary that is specialized
More complex syntax and forms of language
Better/faster at sensing pragmatic roles
Variety of uses
With age, word retrieval becomes minimal/more difficult and less complex
Child language:
Less vocab (less specialized)
Less complex form of language
Slow/does not sense pragmatic role as skillfully as adults
With age, word retrieval improves as vocabulary expands
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Consists of:
Brain
Spinal cord (SC)
Brain
Consists of:
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Brainstem
Cerebrum divided into right and left hemisphere
Each hemisphere divided into 4 lobes:
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital
Cerebellum in charge of motor signals and language. Higher levels of cognitive and affective/emotional functions. Contributes to EF, WM and attention
Brainstem in charge of involuntary things, consists of midbrain, pons, and oblongata
** Contralateral form: Right brain contralaterally controls/receives signals from left side of the body and vice versa
Cranial Nerves: Trigeminal nerve
Trigeminal (V)
Mixed nerve (Sensory and motor)
Controls jaw and tongue for speech and chewing.
Cranial Nerves: Facial nerve
Facial (VII)
Mixed nerve controls facial muscles for facial expression and sensation of taste.
Cranial Nerves: Glossopharyngeal nerve
Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
Mixed nerve
Sensory input from tongue
Motor control of pharynx for salivation and swallowing
Cranial Nerves: Vagus nerve
Vagus nerve (X)
Mixed nerve
Sensory input from larynx and throat
Motor control for larynx for phonation, soft palate lifting and pharynx for swallowing
Serves the heart, lungs, and digestive system
Cranial Nerves: Accessory nerve
Accessory nerve (XI)
Motor nerve controlling muscles of pharynx, soft palate, head and shoulders.
Cranial Nerves: Hypoglossal nerve
Motor nerve controlling muscles of tongue movement
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Consists of:
Everything except brain and spinal cord
43 pairs of nerves, 12 of which originate from brain (Cranial nerves) and the rest originate from spinal cord (SC nerves)
Network that connects the body with the CNS
Afferent:
Sensory neurons
Outside stimuli -> brain
Efferent
Motor neurons
Brain -> motor stimuli for movement
i.e. touching hot cup
Afferent: Sensory input of hot travels to brain
Efferent: Brain tells hand to move away
Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
AKA Stroke
Occurs when there is an interruption of the blood flow to the brain, killing brain cells within seconds/minutes
Types of strokes
Ischemic stroke:
More common
happens when blood supply to the brain is inhibited because of an occlusion in the artery
Can be caused by:
Thrombosis: blood clot occurs in the artery supply blood directly to the brain
Embolism: blood clot occurs somewhere else in the body and travels to the artery causing occlusion
Hemorrhagic stroke:
Happens when a blood vessel or artery ruptures and blood enters the brain
Stroke Risk Factors
Age (older)
Gender (Female)
Family history
Irregular heartbeat
Unhealthy life habits such as:
Smoking
Drinking
No exercise
High blood sugar
High cholesterol
High blood pressure
Signs of stroke
Balance
Eyes
Face
Arms
Speech
Time!
Language processing basics
Left hemisphere dominance for linguistic information (98% left hemisphere; all right handed and 60% left handed)
Right hemisphere in charge of nonlinguistic and paralinguistic information (eye gaze, gesture)
Broca’s area
Higher cell density in left frontal lobe
In charge of motor functions for speech and WM to formulate speech
Wernicke’s area
Left temporal lobe
Incoming linguistic auditory processing and understanding and comprehending occurs here
