Ch. 1: Plant and Cell Architecture

Question 1

sessile

Answer 1

plants are immobile but have the ability to grow towards resources

Question 2

structural reinforcement

Answer 2

support mass as they grow up against gravitational forces

Question 3

xyloglucan

Answer 3

main skeleton is made up of glucose but it has branches made up of xylose

Question 4

cellulose

Answer 4

fibrous component of a cell; B1 4 Glucose

Question 5

individual _____ are made up of cellulose

Answer 5

microfibrils

Question 6

hemicellulose

Answer 6

heterogeneous group of molecules that have a B1 4 backbone that link microfibrals together and hold cellulose together

Question 7

residue

Answer 7

sugar molecules that are attached together

Question 8

each glucose molecule that makes up the cellulose chain

Answer 8

residue

Question 9

galacturonic acid

Answer 9

acid sugar; galactose that has a carboxyl group attached to it

Question 10

pectin

Answer 10

hydrophilic gel rich in acidic types of sugar

Question 11

how does pectin become soluble

Answer 11

calcium chelators disrupt the organization and make them soluble

Question 12

what does pectin do

Answer 12

it holds together hemicellulose and cellulose

Question 13

where is pectin located

Answer 13

primary wall and not the secondary wall

Question 14

what makes up matrix polysaccharides

Answer 14

hemicellulose

Question 15

what is found in the secondary wall that replaces pectin

Answer 15

lignin

Question 16

lignin is why what characteristic of sec. wall

Answer 16

its rigid

Question 17

what is the role of lignin

Answer 17

to stop the cells from expanding once they reach their maximum height

Question 18

cytoplasm

Answer 18

all the material we find inside the cells

Question 19

primary wall

Answer 19

outermost layer of the cell wall found in all cells

Question 20

secondary wall

Answer 20

sandwiched between the primary wall and the plasma membrane

Question 21

middle lamella

Answer 21

found between adjacent walls containing pectin

Question 22

where is cellulose microfibrils synthesized

Answer 22

cell surface

Question 23

what controls microfibril spacing and wall porosity

Answer 23

pectin forming an interlocking matrix

Question 24

plasmodesmata

Answer 24

channels that exist between adjacent cells; tubular structures ranging in size

Question 25

symplast

Answer 25

continuum of cytoplasmic connections as a result of the plasmodesmata

Question 26

apoplast

Answer 26

all of the cell wall continuum

Question 27

what are cytoplasmic connections

Answer 27

the endoplasmic reticulum

Question 28

secondary growth

Answer 28

any of the xylem produced via secondary processes become secondary xylem aka wood which increases the diameter

Question 29

histones

Answer 29

packaging proteins that DNA is wrapped around

Question 30

cell expansion of the vacuole

Answer 30

increases in the volume of the vacuole provides the pressure that will allow a cell to expand

Question 31

what does the vacuole store

Answer 31

secondary metabolites, inorganic ions, organic acids, and pigments

Question 32

secondary metabolites

Answer 32

chemicals that make the plant taste bitter

Question 33

inorganic ions

Answer 33

plants take in nutrients and minerals from the soil and store it for when there aren’t any nutrients present

Question 34

organic acids

Answer 34

stored in the vacuole as a part of the carbon processing stages of photosynthesis

Question 35

pigments

Answer 35

accumulate in the vacuole; ex: colors that tell an apple is ripe

Question 36

protein bodies

Answer 36

specific types of storage vacuole, especially found in the seed

Question 37

proteolysis

Answer 37

break down of proteins; hydrolyzed to yeild amino acids

Question 38

tonoplast

Answer 38

membrane of a vacuole

Question 39

G-actin

Answer 39

form of actin that has ATP associated with it

Question 40

what happens when G-actins are bound together

Answer 40

the ATP is hydrolyzed and becomes ADP and into the F-form

Question 41

microtubules

Answer 41

chain that is hollow, unlike microfilaments they are made up of tubulin

Question 42

tubulin

Answer 42

consists of one alpha and beta unit; GTP associated with it instead of ATP

Question 43

what happens to GTP in tubulin when it is hydrolyzed

Answer 43

the alpha and beta are bound together and assembled onto the microtubule

Question 44

treadmilling

Answer 44

equilibrium when you are adding the same amount of units that you are taking away

Question 45

myosin

Answer 45

between the microfilament and the protein there are molecular motors that move things around the cell

Question 46

kinesen

Answer 46

proteins that work with tubulin as the molecular motor to move things around

Question 47

fragmoplasts

Answer 47

network of microtubules, F-actins, vesicles, and membrane material that forms at the end of telophase and will appear where the prophase band was