Chapter 14

Question 1

what is development governed by

Answer 1

gene networks

Question 2

position

Answer 2

exert strong influence on developmental processes

Question 3

how does embryogenesis arise

Answer 3

from cell division and expansion instead of movement

Question 4

where does embryogenesis take place

Answer 4

ovule of all seed plants

Question 5

apical cell

Answer 5

smaller cell; establishes what it will be

Question 6

basal cell

Answer 6

tissues that will attach itself to an ovule and you get the suspensor

Question 7

what are the five stages of Arabidopsis embryogenesis

Answer 7

zygotic, globular, heart, torpedo, mature

Question 8

what is the globular stage of embryogenesis

Answer 8

globe shaped embryo; multiple division, eventually get the protoderm

Question 9

what is the zygotic stage of embryogenesis

Answer 9

fusion of gametes

Question 10

what is the heart shape stage of embryogenesis

Answer 10

cells on either side dip to develop cotyledons

Question 11

what is the mature stage of embryogenesis

Answer 11

mature embryo, cotyledons are bent, dehydration stage, metabolically inactive

Question 12

what are the differences between maize embryogenesis and Arabidopsis

Answer 12

maize has a transition, coleoptile, leaf primordia stages instead of heart in the arabidopsis

Question 13

what is the transition stage of embryogenesis

Answer 13

scutellum develops, certain specializations, SAM coleoptile will be distinct

Question 14

what happens in the coleoptile stage of embryogenesis

Answer 14

modified structure that forms a tube; distinct SAM and RAM; development of first leaf

Question 15

what happens during maturation of maize embryo

Answer 15

development of a radicle

Question 16

periclinal

Answer 16

cell plate is parallel to the tissue surface

Question 17

anticlinal

Answer 17

cell plate is perpendicular to the tissue surface; requires regulated communication between cells

Question 18

polar transport

Answer 18

directional movement of auxin in a programmed directional movement

Question 19

what is polar auxin transport mediated by

Answer 19

efflux carriers

Question 20

basipetal v. acropetal auxin movement

Answer 20

apical to basal

Question 21

rootward v. shootward movement of auxin

Answer 21

from shoot to root

Question 22

what is the pH of the cell wall

Answer 22

5-5.5

Question 23

how does polar auxin transport work

Answer 23

auxin in cell walls are protonated b/c of proton pumping; IAA-H loses H+ to turn into IAA

Question 24

which auxin form can diffuse across the plasma membrane (think protonation)

Answer 24

IAA-H

Question 25

Explain figure 14.10

Answer 25

done

Question 26

PIN proteins

Answer 26

drive the movement of auxin; oriented in different parts of the cells

Question 27

Look at figure 14.11

Answer 27

done

Question 28

how does auxin flow in early heart stages

Answer 28

auxin is transported laterally up the sides; directional flow of auxin from flank to tip basipetally

Question 29

what determines where you get tissue layers

Answer 29

radial patterns are the guide

Question 30

what do periclinal divisions result in

Answer 30

concentric layers

Question 31

what is cytokinin needed for

Answer 31

development of phloem; if there is none/ the receptor is not working you get no phloem

Question 32

Apical meristems development is determined by what

Answer 32

where the embryo developed

Question 33

how are meristematic cells formed

Answer 33

clusters of slowly developing cells that have undetermined fate divide; they are capable of dividing more rapidly than others so they make up the meristems

Question 34

quiescent center

Answer 34

lense shaped cell; core of the center where the RAM develops

Question 35

what is the take away between auxin and cytokinin ratios

Answer 35

there has to be an even ratio to get normal root development; too little cytokinin means more auxin which results in abnormal roots

Question 36

Review figure 14.17

Answer 36

done