Ch 10-12

Question 0

Ability to shorten, thicken

Answer 0

Contractility

Question 1

(Irritability) the ability of muscles and nerves to respond to a stimulus

Answer 1

Excitability

Question 2

Ability to lengthen and thin out

Answer 2

Extensibility

Question 3

Fine sheath of connective tissue surrounding each muscle fiber

Answer 3

Endomysium

Question 4

Fibrous connective tissue that surrounds bundles of muscle fibers called fascicles

Answer 4

Perimysium

Question 5

Dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the entire muscle

Answer 5

Epimysium

Question 6

Broad, flat tendon that attaches muscle to bone, another muscle, Or skin

Answer 6

Aponeuroses

Question 7

Muscle cell membrane

Answer 7

Sarcolemma

Question 8

Cytoplasm of muscle cell

Answer 8

Sarcoplasm

Question 9

Specialized smooth E.R.; tubes fuse to form clternae in each segment.

• in a relaxed muscle, S.R. Stores Ca++(active transport pumps)
• when stimulated, Ca++ leaves through Ca++ release channels (voltage gated)

Answer 9

Sacroplasmic reticulum

Question 10

Chemical that communicated across synaptic cleft

Answer 10

Neurotransmitter

Question 11

Tension increases, but muscle does not

- shorten/lengthen (ex: holding a book; maintaining posture)

Answer 11

Isometric

Question 12

Tension remains constant

Answer 12

Isotonic

Question 13

Red pigment that stores oxygen

Answer 13

Myoglobin

Question 14

2 strands twisted into a helix

-each ~~~~~ molecule has a myosin binding site

Answer 14

Actin

Question 15

Binding site on actin molecule

Answer 15

Myosin

Question 16

A smaller molecule bound to tropomyosin

-has calcium binding sites

Answer 16

Troponin

Question 17

Motor neuron & all fibers it connects to -

All connected fibers contract / a nerve fiber & all the muscle cells that t controls

Answer 17

Motor unit

Question 18

Cardiac muscle

Answer 18

Striated & involuntary discs

• branching, Y-shaped cells
• many mitochondria, large transverse tubules
• intercalated discs- thick area b/w cells w/ gap junctions (allows network to contract as a unit)
• stimulation from autotorhytmic cells
• larger refractory period

Question 19

Smooth muscle

Answer 19

• located in walls of blood vessels, digestive organs, bronchioles, ureters, & uterus
• spindle shaped cells
• nonstriated; involuntary
• influenced by neurotransmitters & hormones

Question 20

Skeletal muscle

Answer 20

Body movement, posture, protection/support

-each muscle made of hundred/thousands of cells or muscle fibers

Question 21

Acetylcholine is _____ _____ by acetylcholinesterase

Answer 21

Broken down

Question 22

Insufficient oxygen, glycogen depletion, lactic acid buildup

Answer 22

3 things that lead to muscle fatigue

Question 23

Regular exercise can lead to do what 2 changes that can help reduce muscle fatigue?

Answer 23

Regular exercise stimulates; new capillary growth & increase in mitochondria

Question 24

What processes supply muscle cells with energy?

Answer 24

ATP; Phosphogen system; cellular respiration

Question 25

When not enough oxygen is available _____ ____ fermentation takes place

Answer 25

Lactic acid fermentation

Question 26

What causes the oxygen debt that develops during exercise?

Answer 26

``` (Extra oxygen taken in after exercise) –Lactic acid → glucose (liver) –Replace creatine phosphate –Replace ATP –Replace oxygen in myoglobin –Replace glycogen ```

Question 27

Is the least moveable attachment

Answer 27

Origin

Question 28

Is the more moveable attachment

Answer 28

Insertion

Question 29

Provides the main force for a specific movement

Answer 29

Agonist

Question 30

Muscles that oppose or reverse a motion

Answer 30

Antagonist

Question 31

Aids agonist by promoting movement or stabilizing

Answer 31

Synergist

Question 32

Muscle names are influenced by;

Answer 32

Location; shape; size; direction of fibers; # of origins; location of origin or insertion; muscle action

Question 33

Deltoid = ?

Answer 33

Triangle

Question 34

Longus = ?

Answer 34

Long

Question 35

Brevis = ?

Answer 35

Short

Question 36

Rectus = ?

Answer 36

Straight, parallel to midline

Question 37

Maximus = ?

Answer 37

Large

Question 38

Minimus = ?

Answer 38

Small

Question 39

Brain & spinal cord

Answer 39

Central nervous system ( CNS)

Question 40

Cranial nerves (from brain) & spinal nerves (from spinal cord)

Answer 40

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Question 41

Nerves are in ___?

Answer 41

PNS

Question 42

Tracts are in ___?

Answer 42

CNS

Question 43

Membrane becomes more negative bc ___ ?

Answer 43

It's hyperpolarized

Question 44

Membrane becomes less negative because __?

Answer 44

It depolarizes

Question 45

Presynaptic neuron

Answer 45

Sends signals

Question 46

Post synaptic neuron

Answer 46

Receives signals

Question 47

Voluntary control; CNS to skeletal muscle

Answer 47

Somatic division

Question 48

Involuntary control; cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands

Answer 48

Autonomic motor division

Question 49

Perikaryon

Answer 49

Cell body

Question 50

Cytoplasm of neuron

Answer 50

Neuropharmacologist

Question 51

(Chromatophillic substance) rough ER sections that make proteins

Answer 51

Nissl bodies

Question 52

Dendrites

Answer 52

Usually short, many processes that conduct impulses toward cell body (afferent process)

Question 53

Axon

Answer 53

-Long process that carries impulses away from cell body

Question 54

In a axon | -side branches

Answer 54

Collaterals

Question 55

Ends in axon terminals (part of axon)

Answer 55

Teleodendra

Question 56

Supplies the myelin sheathes to the axons in the PNS

Answer 56

Schwann cells

Question 57

Outer layer of Schwann cells contains cytoplasm

Answer 57

Neurilemma

Question 58

Gaps between Schwann cells

Answer 58

Nodes of ranvier

Question 59

Occurs along myelinated axons- myelin acts as electrical insulator

Answer 59

Saltatory conduction

Question 60

Dense irregular CT around nerve

Answer 60

Epineurium

Question 61

Dense irregular CT around fascicles of axons

Answer 61

Perineueium

Question 62

Areolar CT around each axon

Answer 62

Endoneurium

Question 63

Outer spinal cord, inner brain Nerves of PNS, tracts in CNS Myelinated process

Answer 63

White matter

Question 64

Unmyelinated process Neuron cell bodies, dendrites, neuralgia, axons without myelin sheath Inner spinal cord, outer brain

Answer 64

Gray matter

Question 65

Only axons into the _____ can regenerate

Answer 65

PNS

Question 66

One process that splits with peripheral part (dendrite) & central part (axon) In sense organs & hang,is outside CNS

Answer 66

Unipolar

Question 67

1 dendrite & 1 axon | In retina, inner ear, small receptors

Answer 67

Bipolar

Question 68

1 axon & many dendrites In brain & spinal cord Most common type of neuron

Answer 68

Multipolar

Question 69

Transmit impulses from sensory receptors towards CNS (afferent) Most unipolar, some bipolar

Answer 69

Sensory

Question 70

Link other neurons Most multipolar

Answer 70

Interneurons

Question 71

Transmit impulses from CNS to effectors All are multipolar

Answer 71

Motor

Question 72

Long process that carries impulses away from cell body

Answer 72

Efferent

Question 73

Short, many process that conduct impulses toward cell body

Answer 73

Afferent

Question 74

Star shaped cells with many oricesses and functions Blood brain barrier, control composition of tissue, fluid, structural network. Assist neuron dev.

Answer 74

Astrocytes

Question 75

Ciliates epithelial cells; work with Capillaries to form choroid plexus & produce cerebrospinal fluid

Answer 75

Ependymal cells

Question 76

Small cells with s,ended branches; remove debris from damaged tissue

Answer 76

Microglia

Question 77

Processes wrap around axons to form myelin sheath; most common glial cell of the CNS

Answer 77

Oligodendrocytes

Question 78

Supply the myelin | Sheathes to the axons in the PNS- aids in the regrowth of damaged peripheral axons

Answer 78

Schwann cells

Question 79

Flattened cells found around the cell bodies of,neurons in ganglia - regulate exchange of substance between neurons &'environment

Answer 79

Satellite cells

Question 80

Buildup of negative ions inside membrane & positive ions outside membrane ; making it polarized Resting membrane potential is around - 70mV

Answer 80

Resting potential

Question 81

Action potential Initial part of axon serves as trigger zone because has many voltage gates Na+ channels

Answer 81

Depolarization

Question 82

Action potential Depolarization arrives & K+ channels & K+ flows out - membrane repolarizes as inside of membrane becomes negative again - K+ gates close

Answer 82

Repolarization

Question 83

an action potential cannot be started, even with a strong stimulus (Na+ gates activate)

Answer 83

Absolute refractory period

Question 84

High intensity threshold stimulus might cause an action potential (K+ gates open)

Answer 84

Relative refractory period

Question 85

Lost the four classes of a neurotransmitter

Answer 85

Ach; monoamines; amino acids; neuropeptides chains

Question 86

What happens to a neurotransmitter left over after an impulse?

Answer 86

Degradation- broken down by an enzyme | Reuptalce- reabsorbs by axon

Question 87

Axons originating from different parts of the NS lead to same neuron, making it possible for s neuron to sum impulses (summation)

Answer 87

Convergence

Question 88

One impulse leaving a neuron goes to several neurons. May amplify impulse, allowing ,any muscle cells to contract or allowing sensors info to reach severs, areas of CNS

Answer 88

Divergence

Question 89

What is an effector and name 2 types

Answer 89

Muscles & glands