Ch 10- leftover from Midterm

Question 1

chemicals that affect physiology in ANY manner
medication
caffeine
alcohol
tobacco

Answer 1

drugs

Question 2

drugs rear act AGAINST DISEASES
insulin
anticancer drugs
antimicrobials

Answer 2

chemotherapeutic agents

Question 3

drugs that TREAT infection
antibiotics
antivirals
antiprotozoans
antifungals
antihelminthics

Answer 3

antimicrobial agents

Question 4

mechanisms of antimicrobial actions– key is _____ (MORE toxic to pathogen than to pathogen host)

Answer 4

selective toxicity

Question 5

LARGEST # and DIVERSITY is ______ DRUGS

Answer 5

antibacterial

Question 6

fewer drugs treat _______ infections, but even fewer _______ drugs

Answer 6

eukaryotic

antiviral

Question 7

mechanisms of action– steps of antimicrobial drugs

Answer 7

1 inhibition of cell wall synthesis
2 inhibition of protein synthesis
3 disruption of cytoplasmic membrane
4 inhibition of general metabolic pathway
5 inhibition of DNA or RNA synthesis
6 inhibition of pathogen’s attachment to, or recognition of, host

Question 8

drug can SELECTIVELY target translation without affecting eukaryotes, but _____ of animals AND humans contain ___ ribosomes, which can BE HARMFUL

Answer 8

mitochondria

70S

Question 9

clinical considerations in prescribing antimicrobial agents

Answer 9

spectrum of action

narrow vs. broad

Question 10

effective against FEW organism; more important to know WHAT organism is causing infection

Answer 10

narrow spectrum

Question 11

effective against MANY organisms, may allow for SECONDARY or SUPERINFECTIONS to develop

Answer 11

broad spectrum

Question 12

negative, unintended effects of prescribing antimicrobial drugs

Answer 12

adverse reactions

Question 13

hypersensitivity, rare but life threatening

Answer 13

anaphylactic shock

Question 14

consideration needed when prescribing drugs to PREGNANT WOMEN

Answer 14

toxicity

Question 15

disruption of normal microbiota –> overgrowth of normal flora causing SECONDARY INFECTION= greatest concern for ______ patients

Answer 15

hospitalized

Question 16

emerging disease with eyeball, inflammation of cornea– single celled amoeba

Answer 16

acanthamoeba keratitis

Question 17

some bacteria acquire resistance to antimicrobial drugs in 2 ways:

Answer 17

new mutations

acquisition of R-plasmids (horizontal gene transfer)

Question 18

at least 6 mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance

Answer 18

1 production of enzymes that destroy
2 slow or precent entry of drug into cell
3 alter target of drug so it binds less effectively
4 alter their own metabolic chemistry
5 pump antimicrobial drugs out of cell before it can act
6 myobacterium tuberculosis produces MfpA that confers resistance

Question 19

pathogen acquires resistance to more than 1 drugs
common with R plasmids
SUPERBUGS

Answer 19

multiple resistance

Question 20

resistance to one antimicrobial agent may confer resistance to SIMILAR DRUGS

Answer 20

cross resistance

Question 21

1 way to retard resistance to antimicrobial drugs is to maintain ____ concentration of drug in patient for _____ time that leads to ______ in COMBINATION

Answer 21

high
SUFFICIENT
antimicrobial agents

Question 22

one drug enhances affect of other

Answer 22

synergism

Question 23

1 way to retard resistance to antimicrobial drugs is to use _____ only when NECESSARY, develop _____ of existing drugs and search for ________

Answer 23

antimicrobials
new variations
new antibiotics

Question 24

bacterial communication chemicals

Answer 24

quorum sensing