Flashcards in Ch 10- leftover from Midterm Deck (24)
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1
chemicals that affect physiology in ANY manner
medication
caffeine
alcohol
tobacco
drugs
2
drugs rear act AGAINST DISEASES
insulin
anticancer drugs
antimicrobials
chemotherapeutic agents
3
drugs that TREAT infection
antibiotics
antivirals
antiprotozoans
antifungals
antihelminthics
antimicrobial agents
4
mechanisms of antimicrobial actions-- key is _____ (MORE toxic to pathogen than to pathogen host)
selective toxicity
5
LARGEST # and DIVERSITY is ______ DRUGS
antibacterial
6
fewer drugs treat _______ infections, but even fewer _______ drugs
eukaryotic
antiviral
7
mechanisms of action-- steps of antimicrobial drugs
1 inhibition of cell wall synthesis
2 inhibition of protein synthesis
3 disruption of cytoplasmic membrane
4 inhibition of general metabolic pathway
5 inhibition of DNA or RNA synthesis
6 inhibition of pathogen's attachment to, or recognition of, host
8
drug can SELECTIVELY target translation without affecting eukaryotes, but _____ of animals AND humans contain ___ ribosomes, which can BE HARMFUL
mitochondria
70S
9
clinical considerations in prescribing antimicrobial agents
spectrum of action
narrow vs. broad
10
effective against FEW organism; more important to know WHAT organism is causing infection
narrow spectrum
11
effective against MANY organisms, may allow for SECONDARY or SUPERINFECTIONS to develop
broad spectrum
12
negative, unintended effects of prescribing antimicrobial drugs
adverse reactions
13
hypersensitivity, rare but life threatening
anaphylactic shock
14
consideration needed when prescribing drugs to PREGNANT WOMEN
toxicity
15
disruption of normal microbiota --> overgrowth of normal flora causing SECONDARY INFECTION= greatest concern for ______ patients
hospitalized
16
emerging disease with eyeball, inflammation of cornea-- single celled amoeba
acanthamoeba keratitis
17
some bacteria acquire resistance to antimicrobial drugs in 2 ways:
new mutations
acquisition of R-plasmids (horizontal gene transfer)
18
at least 6 mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance
1 production of enzymes that destroy
2 slow or precent entry of drug into cell
3 alter target of drug so it binds less effectively
4 alter their own metabolic chemistry
5 pump antimicrobial drugs out of cell before it can act
6 myobacterium tuberculosis produces MfpA that confers resistance
19
pathogen acquires resistance to more than 1 drugs
common with R plasmids
*SUPERBUGS*
multiple resistance
20
resistance to one antimicrobial agent may confer resistance to SIMILAR DRUGS
cross resistance
21
1 way to retard resistance to antimicrobial drugs is to maintain ____ concentration of drug in patient for _____ time that leads to ______ in COMBINATION
high
SUFFICIENT
antimicrobial agents
22
one drug enhances affect of other
synergism
23
1 way to retard resistance to antimicrobial drugs is to use _____ only when NECESSARY, develop _____ of existing drugs and search for ________
antimicrobials
new variations
new antibiotics
24
