Ch 10- leftover from Midterm Flashcards

(24 cards)

1
Q
chemicals that affect physiology in ANY manner
medication
caffeine
alcohol
tobacco
A

drugs

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2
Q

drugs rear act AGAINST DISEASES
insulin
anticancer drugs
antimicrobials

A

chemotherapeutic agents

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3
Q
drugs that TREAT infection
antibiotics
antivirals
antiprotozoans
antifungals
antihelminthics
A

antimicrobial agents

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4
Q

mechanisms of antimicrobial actions– key is _____ (MORE toxic to pathogen than to pathogen host)

A

selective toxicity

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5
Q

LARGEST # and DIVERSITY is ______ DRUGS

A

antibacterial

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6
Q

fewer drugs treat _______ infections, but even fewer _______ drugs

A

eukaryotic

antiviral

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7
Q

mechanisms of action– steps of antimicrobial drugs

A

1 inhibition of cell wall synthesis
2 inhibition of protein synthesis
3 disruption of cytoplasmic membrane
4 inhibition of general metabolic pathway
5 inhibition of DNA or RNA synthesis
6 inhibition of pathogen’s attachment to, or recognition of, host

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8
Q

drug can SELECTIVELY target translation without affecting eukaryotes, but _____ of animals AND humans contain ___ ribosomes, which can BE HARMFUL

A

mitochondria

70S

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9
Q

clinical considerations in prescribing antimicrobial agents

A

spectrum of action

narrow vs. broad

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10
Q

effective against FEW organism; more important to know WHAT organism is causing infection

A

narrow spectrum

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11
Q

effective against MANY organisms, may allow for SECONDARY or SUPERINFECTIONS to develop

A

broad spectrum

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12
Q

negative, unintended effects of prescribing antimicrobial drugs

A

adverse reactions

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13
Q

hypersensitivity, rare but life threatening

A

anaphylactic shock

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14
Q

consideration needed when prescribing drugs to PREGNANT WOMEN

A

toxicity

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15
Q

disruption of normal microbiota –> overgrowth of normal flora causing SECONDARY INFECTION= greatest concern for ______ patients

A

hospitalized

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16
Q

emerging disease with eyeball, inflammation of cornea– single celled amoeba

A

acanthamoeba keratitis

17
Q

some bacteria acquire resistance to antimicrobial drugs in 2 ways:

A

new mutations

acquisition of R-plasmids (horizontal gene transfer)

18
Q

at least 6 mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance

A

1 production of enzymes that destroy
2 slow or precent entry of drug into cell
3 alter target of drug so it binds less effectively
4 alter their own metabolic chemistry
5 pump antimicrobial drugs out of cell before it can act
6 myobacterium tuberculosis produces MfpA that confers resistance

19
Q

pathogen acquires resistance to more than 1 drugs
common with R plasmids
SUPERBUGS

A

multiple resistance

20
Q

resistance to one antimicrobial agent may confer resistance to SIMILAR DRUGS

A

cross resistance

21
Q

1 way to retard resistance to antimicrobial drugs is to maintain ____ concentration of drug in patient for _____ time that leads to ______ in COMBINATION

A

high
SUFFICIENT
antimicrobial agents

22
Q

one drug enhances affect of other

23
Q

1 way to retard resistance to antimicrobial drugs is to use _____ only when NECESSARY, develop _____ of existing drugs and search for ________

A

antimicrobials
new variations
new antibiotics

24
Q

bacterial communication chemicals

A

quorum sensing