Ch 10- leftover from Midterm Flashcards
(24 cards)
chemicals that affect physiology in ANY manner medication caffeine alcohol tobacco
drugs
drugs rear act AGAINST DISEASES
insulin
anticancer drugs
antimicrobials
chemotherapeutic agents
drugs that TREAT infection antibiotics antivirals antiprotozoans antifungals antihelminthics
antimicrobial agents
mechanisms of antimicrobial actions– key is _____ (MORE toxic to pathogen than to pathogen host)
selective toxicity
LARGEST # and DIVERSITY is ______ DRUGS
antibacterial
fewer drugs treat _______ infections, but even fewer _______ drugs
eukaryotic
antiviral
mechanisms of action– steps of antimicrobial drugs
1 inhibition of cell wall synthesis
2 inhibition of protein synthesis
3 disruption of cytoplasmic membrane
4 inhibition of general metabolic pathway
5 inhibition of DNA or RNA synthesis
6 inhibition of pathogen’s attachment to, or recognition of, host
drug can SELECTIVELY target translation without affecting eukaryotes, but _____ of animals AND humans contain ___ ribosomes, which can BE HARMFUL
mitochondria
70S
clinical considerations in prescribing antimicrobial agents
spectrum of action
narrow vs. broad
effective against FEW organism; more important to know WHAT organism is causing infection
narrow spectrum
effective against MANY organisms, may allow for SECONDARY or SUPERINFECTIONS to develop
broad spectrum
negative, unintended effects of prescribing antimicrobial drugs
adverse reactions
hypersensitivity, rare but life threatening
anaphylactic shock
consideration needed when prescribing drugs to PREGNANT WOMEN
toxicity
disruption of normal microbiota –> overgrowth of normal flora causing SECONDARY INFECTION= greatest concern for ______ patients
hospitalized
emerging disease with eyeball, inflammation of cornea– single celled amoeba
acanthamoeba keratitis
some bacteria acquire resistance to antimicrobial drugs in 2 ways:
new mutations
acquisition of R-plasmids (horizontal gene transfer)
at least 6 mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance
1 production of enzymes that destroy
2 slow or precent entry of drug into cell
3 alter target of drug so it binds less effectively
4 alter their own metabolic chemistry
5 pump antimicrobial drugs out of cell before it can act
6 myobacterium tuberculosis produces MfpA that confers resistance
pathogen acquires resistance to more than 1 drugs
common with R plasmids
SUPERBUGS
multiple resistance
resistance to one antimicrobial agent may confer resistance to SIMILAR DRUGS
cross resistance
1 way to retard resistance to antimicrobial drugs is to maintain ____ concentration of drug in patient for _____ time that leads to ______ in COMBINATION
high
SUFFICIENT
antimicrobial agents
one drug enhances affect of other
synergism
1 way to retard resistance to antimicrobial drugs is to use _____ only when NECESSARY, develop _____ of existing drugs and search for ________
antimicrobials
new variations
new antibiotics
bacterial communication chemicals
quorum sensing