Ch. 10 Parenting Adolescents

Question 1

Galinsky (1981) Stages of Development (for Parents of Adolescents)

Answer 1

Stage 5: Parents renegotiate their relationship with their adolescent children to allow for sharing power in decision-making

Question 2

Which stage has more Parent Trajectories?

Answer 2

Adolescence

Question 3

Definition: adolescere

Answer 3

“to grow up, come to maturity, ripen”

Question 4

Definition: adultus

Answer 4

past tense, “grown up”

Question 5

What is Adolescence? Stanley Hall (1904)

Answer 5

• Puberty - 25
• “storm and stress”

Question 6

Stanley Hall (1904) descriptors of Adolescents

Answer 6

1. conflict with parents
2. mood disruptions
3. risk behaviors

Question 7

Adolescents (Blakemore, 2012)

Answer 7

Puberty to “attain a stable, independent role in society”

Question 8

Puberty Onset?

Answer 8

(Biological) to “attain a stable, independent role in society” (Social)

Question 9

Physical and Hormonal Changes

Answer 9

Significance of puberty and timing onset

Question 10

Girls Puberty Development

Answer 10

• Normal Age of Onset: 8-13
  ○ Adrenarche (6-10)
  ○ Godadarche (9-10)
  ○ Thelarche (8-11)
  ○ Pubarche (12)
  ○ Menarche (10-16)
• Growth Spurt – 11.5 to 16.5

Question 11

Boys Puberty Development

Answer 11

• Normal Age of Onset: 9-14
  ○ Adrenarche (6-10)
  ○ Godadarche (9-10)
  ○ Pubarche (M = 12)
  ○ Spermarche (10-14)
• Growth Spurt – M = 13.5

Question 12

Adrenarche (6-10)

Answer 12

Not seen out outwardly, but body is getting ready for changes

Question 13

Godadarche (9-10)

Answer 13

Changes in reproductive organs

Question 14

Thelarche (8-11)

Answer 14

Breast development
□ Can effect father and daughter relationship. More distant

Question 15

Pubarche (12)

Answer 15

Appearance of secondary sex chrematistics

Question 16

Menarche (10-16)

Answer 16

First menstruation

Question 17

Spermarche (10-14)?

Question 18

Research in Menarche

Answer 18

The age of Menarche is decreasing

Question 19

Higher SES has ____ ranges of menarche

Answer 19

Lower

Question 20

Lower SES has ____ laborism activities

Answer 20

More

Question 21

Pubertal Timing and Parental Relations

Answer 21

Both early and late onset (compared to peers) Increased depression
- Mostly for girls in early onset
- Mostly for boys in late-onset

Question 22

Both early and late onset (compared to peers)

Answer 22

○ Perceived parental rejection
○ Interaction with parents’ marital satisfaction
○ Quality of parental relations in childhood

Question 23

Adolescent Nonspecific-

Answer 23

referring to brain development that begins in early childhood and continues relatively evenly through young adulthood

Question 24

Adolescent Emergent

Answer 24

brain development that happens at adolescence and levels off

Question 25

Adolescents Specific

Answer 25

where brain development peaks at adolescence and then drops off

Question 26

“Explosive” neurological changes

Answer 26

○ Increase in white matter in two locations (prefrontal cortex and parietal lobe) ○ Decrease in grey matter

Question 27

Increase in Executive Function...

Answer 27

the capacity to control and coordinate thoughts and behavior

Question 28

Cognitive abilities improve:

Answer 28

○ Abstract thought (Piaget Formal Operational Stage) ○ Multidimensional ○ Relativistic

Question 29

Social Changes in Adolescents

Answer 29

* Much of elective time spent with peers * Emotional distance from parents * Group Socialization Theory

Question 30

Peers are more influential than parents is connected to what theory?

Answer 30

Child Effect model

Question 31

Parenting influenced by adolescents’ behavior is connected to what theory?

Answer 31

Ecological systems

Question 32

Why do adolescents take greater risks?

Answer 32

* Limbic System (dopamine at highest) * Pre-frontal cortex (still developing – synaptic pruning)

Question 33

“Peer Effect” Study

Answer 33

Teens are more likely to drive riskt when another teen passenger is in the car

Question 34

Peer Effect

Answer 34

when adolescents engage in risky behavior in presence of peers when normally they would not take the risks

Question 35

Problems For Adolescents

Answer 35

* Mental Health Problems * Different developmental pathways to violence and delinquency

Question 36

Authority conflict pathway

Answer 36

When an adolescent is disobedient and defiant to figures of authority

Question 37

Overt aggression pathway

Answer 37

One type of aggressive adolescent pattern of behavior that begins with minor aggressive acts and then escalates into serious violence

Question 38

Covert aggression pathway

Answer 38

One pathway of adolescent aggression that begins with minor dishonesty but escalates into more serious acts such as theft.

Question 39

Increase in “Hypervigilance”

Answer 39

○ Associated with social media ○ Cancel culture ○ Call-out culture

Question 40

How Parents Help Teens Navigate Adolescence

Answer 40

* Balance of oversight & control with encouraging independence and responsibility

Question 41

Authoritative parenting linked to:

Answer 41

○ Psychosocial maturity ○ Better grades ○ Fewer behavior problems

Question 42

Multi-domain parenting:

Answer 42

1. Emotional (due to highly developed limbic system and underdeveloped prefrontal cortex) 2. Mental (identity formation – Imago Dei) 3. Relational (ongoing need for attachment and communication) 4. Spiritual (addresses the potential impact of shame

Question 43

Four Key Parenting Ingredients

Answer 43

1. Staying connected 2. Maintaining open communications 3. Monitoring/Knowledge about Teen 4. Appropriate Control Techniques

Question 44

Other Ways Parents Influence Teens

Answer 44

* Clearly communicating disapproval * Engaging in strict discipline * Modeling * Encouraging * Indirect influence

Question 45

Limits on Parental Influence

Answer 45

Parents are just one potential influence

Question 46

Other influences include

Answer 46

○ Characteristics of teenager (temperament, IQ) ○ Circumstances (peer group, neighborhood) ○ Genetic susceptibility ○ Exposure to experiences

Question 47

Other protective factors

Answer 47

○ Encouraging ○ Extra-curricular activities and religion