Ch. 2 Theories

Question 1

Definition: Theory

Answer 1

an organized set of related ideas, concepts, and principles that describes and attempts to explain particular phenomenon

Question 2

Main Theoretical Frameworks in Understanding Parenting (Parent-Child Relations)

Answer 2

1. Attachment Theory (ethological= animals)
2. Systems Theory
3. Social Theory
4. Developmental Theory

Question 3

Definition: Attachment

Answer 3

the emotional tie to a parent experienced by an infant, from which the child derives security

Question 4

4 Attachment Styles

Answer 4

1. Secure
2. Avoidant
3. Ambivalent
4. Disorganize

Question 5

Secure Attachment

Answer 5

• Believes and trusts that his/her needs will be met
• Secure, Explorative, Happy

Question 6

Avoidant Attachment

Answer 6

• Subconsciously believes that his/her needs probably won’t be met
• Not very explorative, emotionally distant

Question 7

Ambivalent Attachment

Answer 7

• Cannot rely on his/her needs being met
• Anxious, Insecure, Angry

Question 8

Disorganize Attachment

Answer 8

• Severely confused with no strategy to have his/her needs met
• depressed, angry, completely, passive, nonresponsive

Question 9

Key Theorists that shaped Attachment Theory: Lorenz (1952)

Answer 9

• First to construct it as a science
• Research with Goslings
  □ Formed an attachment with the first object they saw when born aka. “imprinted”
  □ Based on survival

Question 10

Key Theorists that shaped Attachment Theory: Harlow (1958)

Answer 10

• Experiment with monkeys
• Took attachment with a species closer to humans
  □ Baby monkeys took a better attachment to the more comforting monkey (More than just survival)

Question 11

Key Theorists that shaped Attachment Theory: Bowlby (1958)

Answer 11

• Post WW2, worked with orphans in Europe
• Formed the attachment styles

Question 12

Define: Novelty Seeking

Answer 12

child feels safe to explore

Question 13

Define: Proximity Seeking

Answer 13

desire to go back to the secure base

Question 14

Define: Internal Working Framework (IWF)

Answer 14

the use of both novelty and proximity working in a healthy way

Question 15

Attachment and Biological Implications: 2 chemicals

Answer 15

• Oxytocin
• Myelination

Question 16

Systems Theory

Answer 16

1. Individual
2. Family
3. Society

Question 17

What does it mean to say a family is a system?

Answer 17

• They do not exist in isolation from one another
• “movement” in any one part of the “system” will affect all the rest of the parts of the system.

Question 18

Fundamental Concepts of Family Systems Theory

Answer 18

1. Circular causality
2. Boundaries
3. Homeostasis
4. Triangles
5. Family rules
6. Family roles

Question 19

Circular causality

Question 20

Boundaries

Question 21

Homeostasis

Question 22

Triangles

Question 23

Family rules

Question 24

Family roles

Question 25

Bronfenbrenner's Model: Ecological Systems Map

Answer 25

1. Microsystem 2. Mesosystem 3. Exosystem 4. Macrosystem 5. Chronosystem

Question 26

Microsystem

Answer 26

- immediate environment Examples: Family, school, work, neighborhood

Question 27

Mesosystem

Answer 27

- connections between environments Examples: Child's birthday party, parent-teacher conferences, Christmas parties

Question 28

Exosystem

Answer 28

- indirect environment Examples: government, social services, economics, parents' workplace

Question 29

Macrosystem

Answer 29

- social and cultural values Examples: cultural values, religious beliefs, ideologies, war

Question 30

Chronosystem

Answer 30

- a change that happens over time Examples: Growing up/aging, technical advancements, job loss

Question 31

Social Theory: Albert Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory

Answer 31

- “Bobo doll” studies of social learning in the 1960s - Observational Learning and reinforcement

Question 32

Parent-Child Coercive Cycles: Gerald Patterson (1895-1967)

Answer 32

Studied role of social learning in the development of delinquency

Question 33

Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development

Answer 33

Refers to the distance between an individual’s ability to do something independently and the ability of the individual to perform a task under adult (or more-advanced peer) guidance. Learning occurs when in this zone, according to Vygotsky

Question 34

Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development

Answer 34

- Sensorimotor - Preoperational - Concrete Operational - Formal Operations

Question 35

Erikson's stage Theory

Answer 35

- Basic trust versus mistrust - Autonomy versus shame - Initiative versus guilt - Industry versus inferiority - Identity versus role confusion - Intimacy versus isolation - Generativity versus stagnation - Ego integrity versus despair