Ch. 6 Becoming a Parent Flashcards
(49 cards)
1
Q
Galinsky’s Stages of Development for Parents
A
- The image- Making Stage
- The Nurturing Stage
- The Authority Stage
- The interpretive
- The interdependent stages
- The departure Stage
2
Q
Galinsky: 1. The image- Making Stage
A
- Planning for a child/pregnancy
- Consider what it means to be a parent and plan for changes to accommodate a child
3
Q
Galinsky: 2. The- Nurturing Stage
A
- Infancy
- Develop an attachment relationship with child and adapt to the new baby
4
Q
Galinsky: 3. The Authority Stage
A
- Toddler and preschool
- Parents create rules and figure out how to effectively guide their children’s behavior
5
Q
Galinsky: 4. The interpretive
A
- Middle Childhood
- Parents help their children interpret their experiences with the social world beyond the family
6
Q
Galinsky: 5. The interdependent stages
A
- Adolescence
- Parents renegotiate their relationship with their adolescent children to allow for shared power in decision-making
7
Q
Galinsky: 6. The departure Stage
A
- Early Adulthood
- Parents evaluate their successes and failures as parents
8
Q
Parenting Trajectories
A
- Establish
- Mediate
- Modify
9
Q
Parenting Trajectories: Establish
A
- Determine environments
- Gaps between belief and practice
10
Q
Parenting Trajectories: Mediate
A
- Pre-arming
- Concurrent
- Debriefing
11
Q
Parenting Trajectories: Modify
A
- Acceleration
- Deceleration
12
Q
Deciding to have a child
A
Fundamental lifestyle changes associated with childbirth
13
Q
Advantages for having a Child
A
- Allows for a full family life, important for a good marriage
- Offers a sense of personal accomplishment
- Adds excitement to life, joy of children
- Provides a source of love and affection, someone to care for me when old
- Promotes sense of immortality
- Other: Gives spiritual fulfillment, establishes oneself as a mature person, spousal/partner wishes, pressure from family, and fulfills sexual love
14
Q
Disadvantages for having a Child
A
- Results in a drastic change in
lifestyle - Creates many time-consuming responsibilities
- increases expenses
- Introduces difficulties regarding the mother’s employment
- Contributes to overpopulation
- Other: Creates worry and tension, makes for too much disorder, and introduces negative effects on one’s health and stamina
15
Q
Fertility over the years…
A
fertility has been going down over the years (1960-2018)
16
Q
Heritability coefficient
A
- 1.0 = all variance due to genetics
- 0 = no variance due to genetics (All enviormental)
17
Q
Teratogens
A
Interfering with the neural crest of the developmental process
18
Q
Examples of Teratogens
A
○ Alcohol
○ Agrochemicals
○ Infections agents
○ Recreational drugs
○ Retinoids
○ Antihypertensive drugs
○ Psychiatric medication
○ Gestational diabetes
○ Nutrients
○ Level of stress
○ Access to prenatal care
19
Q
Thalidomide (1950’s)
A
- A morning sickness drug (Prescribed to moms)
- Causing birth defects
20
Q
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
A
- When exposed to alcohol the fetus experiences physical and cognitive effects
- Example: Memory loss, Hyper activity, Learning difficulties, Small head, Wideset eyes
21
Q
3 parts of an embryo
A
- Ectoderm
- Mesoderm
- Endoderm
22
Q
Ectoderm
A
- Nervous System
- Skin
23
Q
Mesoderm
A
○ Muscle
○ Skeleton
○ Kidneys
○ Reproductive system
24
Q
Endoderm
A
○ Endocrine glands
○ Lungs
○ Digestive tract
○ Liver
25
infertility
* 11% of women and 9.4% of men experience infertility
26
Infertility Treatments: Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART)
- Intrauterine insemination
- In vitro fertilization (IVF)
- Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer (GIFT)
27
Genetic Defects
3% of births born with a birth defect
28
Most Common Genetic Defects
○ Heart defects (1 in 100 to 200)
○ Orofacial clefts (1 in 700 to 1,000)
○ Down syndrome (1 in 800)
○ Neural tube defect (1 in 1,000)
○ Autism spectrum disorders (3.4 to 6.7 in 1,000)
29
Chromosomal Genetic Defects
* Klinefelter Syndrome (XYX)
* Turner's Syndrome (XO)
* Cri-Du-Chat syndrome or Cat Cry syndrome
30
Karyotype
the picture of all 23 chromosomes
31
More Genetic Defects
* Dominant inheritance
○ Achondroplasia (dwarfism)
* Recessive Inheritance
○ Tay-Sachs disease
○ Phenylketonuria (PKU)
* X-linked Inheritance
○ Hemophilia
* Multifactorial Inheritance
○ Neural tube defects
32
Many defects can be identified in utero with...
○ Amniocentesis
○ Chorionic villi sampling (MORE ACCURATE SOONER but not neurological effects)
○ Ultrasound
33
Miscarriages
Miscarriage occurs when pregnancy ends before 20 weeks
- As many as ½ of all pregnancies end this way
34
Ectopic Pregnancy
○ When fertilized egg implants outside the uterus
○ 2% of pregnancies
○ Must be removed surgically
35
Labor
- After 40 weeks of pregnancy, labor begins
○ Frequent and regular contractions
○ Lasts 12 to 14 hours for first baby
36
Stages of Childbirth (vaginal)
○ Stage 1: dilation of cervix (labor)
○ Stage 2: pushing & delivery
○ Stage 3: expulsion of placenta
37
Childbirth Methods
* Bradley (husband-coached)
* Lamaze
* Use of pain medication
○ analgesics
○ anesthesia
38
Vaginal delivery: Advantages
- Releases hormones that promote healthy lung function
- Physically compress the baby, thereby removing fluid from lungs
- Prepares mother’s body for breastfeeding
- Reduces risks to mother and infant introduced by C-sections (accidental cutting, infection, surgical complications
39
The Preterm Baby
- 1 in 10 premature
- Average = 7.3 pounds and 20 inches long
40
Two types of Preterm infants
○ Premature
○ Low birth weight
41
Premature
born prior to 37 weeks of gestation
42
Low birth weight
weighs less than 5.5 pounds
43
Transition to Parenthood
- Newborns require constant care
- Decline in marital satisfaction is common
44
Coparenting
-the extent to which parents work together in their roles as parent
- Providing support
- Resolving childrearing disagreement
- Dividing duties
- Managing interaction patterns
45
Postpartum depression
* Depression occurs in 12-40% of new mothers
* Lasts more than 2 weeks and characterized by various symptoms typical in depression
46
Men with postpartum...
Men follow a very similar patter to women in postpartum depression (women still have higher scores
47
Role Sharing and Working Parents
- Time Spent by Mothers and Fathers in Infant Care Activities
- Note: The numbers indicate the minutes per day spent on each activity.
48
Postpartum Psychosis
- Delusions, hallucinations, thoughts of harming body
- Postpartum psychosis is much rarer but more dangerous for the health of the baby
- Support groups and antidepressants can be helpful
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