Ch 10 the company officers role in understanding bldg construction and fire behavior Flashcards
(198 cards)
1
Q
At the scene of emergencies, the first arriving officers are usually concerned with
A
Limited resources, time and many unknown factors
2
Q
Modern fire fighting requires more than just experience; it requires
A
Knowledge and skill
3
Q
Accessing their communities (blank) Is the first step in identifying the strengths and weaknesses of the department In Dealing with emergencies
A
Risk factors
4
Q
Which Risk factors are affected by the characteristics of building construction, exposures, occupancy, and available resources
A
Property
5
Q
(Blank) factors: Geographical size, population, valuation, response time, and topography of the community
A
Physical
6
Q
(Blank) factors: access and barriers to all areas
A
Access
7
Q
(Blank) factors: the nature of the business that occupy the buildings
A
Occupancy
8
Q
(Blank) factors: age, type, and density of structures
A
Structural
9
Q
(Blank) factors: fire department resources, and for fire fighting purpose, water supply capabilities
A
Resource
10
Q
(Blank) factors: stairwells and other penetrations to allow for rescue and fire spread
A
Survival
11
Q
True or false, most buildings were built using the minimum type of code structure that is permitted by the code
A
True
12
Q
The primary purpose of a building code is to prescribe standards that will keep buildings from
A
Falling down
13
Q
The goals of building code are
A
- Maintaining Structural integrity
- Preventing fire spread
- Prevent time for escape or shelter
14
Q
The late Frank Brannigan Described fire resistance as
A
Fire endurance
15
Q
(Blank) is measured by the length of time typical structural Members and assemblies resist specified temperatures under test conditions
A
Fire resistance
16
Q
Francis Branigan send, “ in general it can be said the building makes the (blank) “
A
Problem
17
Q
Fire (blank) will Be affected by the types of building materials used, the construction methods, and the built in fire protection features installed during construction
A
Intensity and behavior
18
Q
The term (blank) ,When applied to construction materials, means protected from the effects of fire by encasement
A
Protected
19
Q
Concrete, Gypsum, and spray on coatings are all used to (blank) construction elements
A
Protect
20
Q
True or false, the code specifies the minimum requirements but permits the use of materials that exceed those requirements
A
True
21
Q
True or false, some buildings with combustible components are actually more fire resistant then some non-combustible buildings
A
True
22
Q
There are how many basic construction types recognized by the international building code
A
Five
23
Q
In type (blank) construction, the structural elements are non-combustible and are predicted to the highest level
A
1
24
Q
(Blank) is encased in concrete, gypsum, or cementitious coding
A
Structural steel
25
High-rise buildings with Steel structural elements encased in concrete are examples of what type of building
Type 1
26
In type (blank) Buildings fire spread from floor to floor via windows, or through vertical openings that have not been properly firestopped in accordance with the code, is possible
1
27
The difference between type one and fire resistive and type two noncombustible is in the level of protection of the
Structural elements
28
A typical strip shopping center or big box store with Masonary block walls, steel bar Joyce, unprotected steel columns, and a steel roof deck is a type
IIB(unprotected) Building
29
Steel loses his half of its strength at how many degrees
900
30
Steel has a high (blank), which means it can transfer heat away from a localized source and act as a heat sink
Thermal conductivity
31
Steel also as a high (blank) that results in the expansion of steel members as they are heated
Coefficient of expansion
32
A 50 foot long steel beam heated uniformly over its length from 72° to 972°F will expand in length by how many inches
3.9
33
A 50 foot long steel beam uniformly heated to 800°F would expand By how many inches
3.2
34
A 50 foot long steel beam heated uniformly over its length to 1200°F would expand by how many inches
4.9
35
Type (Blank) construction, the exterior of the building is non-combustible, typically Masonary, and may be rated depending on the horizontal distance to exposures
III
36
Type three construction is divided into two subtypes:
Protected and unprotected
37
In type III buildings, (blank) allow fire to travel undetected present challenges to the fire ground commander
Combustible voids
38
Type (blank) construction dates back to the New England cotton and woolen Mills of the mid-1800s
IV
39
Type for heavy timber construction is also called
Mill construction
40
In type (blank) construction the exterior walls are non-combustible(masonry), And the interior structural elements are unprotected would charge cross-sectional dimensions
IV
41
And tape IV Construction columns must be at least how many inches if supporting a floor load
8
42
And tape IV construction Joists and beams must be a minimum of how many inches wide and how many inches deep
8 Inches wide and 10 inches deep
43
(Blank) wood has an inherent fire resistive nature
Large diameter
44
What are not permitted within a type IV structure
Concealed spaces
45
In type (Blank) construction, the entire structure may be constructed of wood or any other approved material
V
46
Type V construction is called what
Wood frame
47
How well wood structural members will resist the effects of fire is directly related to what
Their mass
48
Light weight trusses may fail in
Minutes
49
Type V construction is subdivided into what types
Protected and unprotected
50
(Blank) are structurally independent and separate buildings
Firewalls
51
What two things are constructed within a building and separate fire areas, or block the passage of heat and smoke from Corredor’s or other areas
Fire barriers in Fire partitions
52
Modern building codes are for the most part what
Performance codes
53
What type of code might require all firewalls to be of a certain thickness of masonry block
Performance codes
54
What type of code merely identifies the performance required, such as resisting the passage of heat and sun for a given time
Performance code
55
The design professional is permitted to use any (blank) assembly that provides that fire resistance rating
Listed
56
What is an alternative method for satisfying the fire protection and life safety intent of construction codes
Performance based design
57
What is an engineer ring approach to design elements of a building based on agreed-upon performance goals in objectives
Performance based design
58
What is the total amount of combustible material with any fire area expressed in terms of pounds per square foot
Fuel load or fire load
59
What is the total amount of available fuel within a fire area
Fuel load
60
What is a better indicator of fire severity
heat release rate
61
What two factors are critical in developing and implementing a strategy to provide for the safety of the occupants, and to confine and extinguish the fire
Fuel load and heat release rate
62
The size, shape, or form, and arrangement of the combustible structural members will affect the (blank) and the rapidity at which a Fire grows and spreads
Heat release rate
63
What is a broad term that includes built in Extinguishing systems, fire detection and alarm devices, smoke control and removal equipment, and portable devices such as fire extinguishers
Fire protection systems
64
NFPA (blank), flammable and combustible liquid code
30
65
NFPA (blank), code for the manufacture and storage of aerosol products
30B
66
NFPA (blank) systems are by far the most commonly found installed in buildings in the United States
13
67
NFPA (blank) installation of sprinkler systems
13
68
NFPA (blank) installation of sprinkler systems in one and two family dwellings and manufactured homes
13D
69
NFPA (blank) installation of sprinkler systems in a residential occupancy is up to and including four stories in height
13R
70
NFPA (Blank) inspection, testing and maintenance of water based fire protection systems
25
71
NFPA (blank) placard system categorizes markings and three categories: health, flammability, and instability
407
72
(Blank) is the health category
Blue
73
(Blank) is the flammability category
Red
74
(Blake) represents the instability category
Yellow
75
What are a major cause of sprinkler system failures
Closed valves
76
The NFPA (blank) system is a property protection system that has had remarkable success at protecting people by quickly suppressing and often extinguishing fires in their insipient stages
13
77
Ordinary temperature rated heads that operate at between (blank) degrees are required to be installed throughout the buildings unless the area is subject to high heat conditions
135 to 170 degrees
78
(Blank) is the difference between the operating temperature of a fire detection device such as a sprinkler head in the actual air temperature when the device activates
Thermal lag
79
Sprinkler head spacing and discharge per square foot known as density are dependent upon what
Occupancy classification
80
NFPA (blank) systems are designed to protect residential occupancies up to four-stories
High
13R
81
Combustible voids, as well as closets not exceeding (blank) square feet and bathrooms not exceeding (blank) square feet, are not required to be sprinklered
24
55
82
The total building area exempted from sprinkler protection has been estimated as high as how many percent
65
83
Hotels, motels, boarding houses, in apartment buildings are typically protected with NFPA (blank) systems
13R
84
What are the four types of sprinkler systems
What pipe, dry pipe, pre-action, and deluge
85
What systems are by far the most commonly found systems in most jurisdictions
What pipe sprinkler systems
86
(Blank) sprinkler systems are the quickest to getting water on the fire and are the simplest to maintain
Wet pipe
87
Wet pipe systems are installed where indoor temperatures can be maintained At (blank) degrees
40
88
In wet pipe sprinkler systems, antifreeze systems are sometimes used were freezing is expected, but the systems are usually limited to how many gallons or less
40
89
(Blank) sprinkler systems are installed in warehouses, parking garages, factories, and other buildings where there is a danger of freezing
Dry pipe
90
(Blank) valves are designed so that a moderate amount of air pressure in the system above the valve is capable of holding back a much greater water pressure
Dry pipe
91
The ratio of air pressure to water pressure at which the valve will open or trip is called the
The differential
92
(Blank) sprinkler systems are installed in properties were potential water damage from broken piping or sprinkler heads is of particular concern
Pre-action
93
(Blank) systems are dry systems in which the water supply valve is opened on a signal from detection devices such as heat or smoke detectors
Preaction
94
The sprinkler heads in a (blank) system our traditional closed heads, which must be fused by heat to open, discharging water only over the fire
Pre-action
95
(Blank) sprinkler systems are installed in extra hazard occupancies where there is the possibility of a flash fire or fire growth so rapid that the response of a standard sprinkler system is too slow
Deluge
96
Facilities with large quantities of flammable liquids or materials that pose a Deflagration Hazard are protected with these systems
Deluge systems
97
Aircraft hangers, flammable liquid tank vehicle loading racks, and industrial facilities that process Flammable or explosive materials are among those protected by (blank) systems
Deluge
98
(Blank) systems are required at tall and very large buildings where were advancing hand lines the entire distance would be prohibitive
Standpipe
99
(Blank) systems are classified according to their intended use, by the building occupants, fire department, or both
Standpipe
100
Generally, standpipe connections are required where in buildings
On each floor, at every exit stairway and on each side of a horizontal exit
101
Buildings under construction are generally required to have at least one standpipe or temporary standpipe, capable of flowing (blank) GPM within one floor of the top of the building
500
102
Fire department connections are required for all water-based fire extinguishing systems and standpipe systems with the exception of the limited area sprinkler systems of less than (blank) heads and NFPA (blank) sprinkler systems
20
13D
103
(Blank) systems are used in various applications including range hood and duct fire protection, paint spray booth protection, and even at unattended Self service motor vehicle fueling sites
Wet and dry chemical extinguishing
104
Wet and dry chemical extinguishing systems are used for significant mechanisms of extinguishing fires which are
Smothering, cooling, radiation shielding, and chain breaking
105
(Blank) and other extinguishing agents that do not leave a residue are the agent of choice for certain high value commodities and equipment
Halon
106
What two Halon compounds are effective extinguishing agents that are considered non toxic
Halon 1211 & 1301
107
(Blank) agents suppress fires by interrupting the chemical chain reaction and will not extinguish deep seated fire in class A and materials
Halogenated
108
The US government ban the production and importation of halons (Blank) and (blank) effective January 1, 1994
1211 and 1301
109
(Blank) is cheap, leaves no residue and is a highly effective extinguishing agent for class B and C fires
Carbon dioxide
110
Carbon dioxide in concentrations of over about how many percent will render persons unconscious almost immediately
9
111
NFPA (blank), standard on carbon dioxide extinguishing systems contains installation, maintenance, and testing procedures
12
112
What systems are generally installed to protect hazards outside of buildings
Fixed foam and water spray
113
(Blank) systems protect flammable liquid storage facilities and (blank) systems are generally for exposure protection
Foam
Water spray
114
NFPA (blank), standard on carbon dioxide extinguishing systems
12
115
NFPA (blank), standard on Halon 1301 fire extinguishing systems
12A
116
NFPA (blank), standard for the installation of sprinkler systems
13
117
NFPA (blank), standard for the installation of standpipes and hose systems
14
118
NFPA (blank), standard for water spray fixed systems for fire protection
15
119
NFPA (blank), standard for dry chemical extinguishing systems
17
120
NFPA (blank), standard for your wet chemical extinguishing systems
17 A
121
NFPA (blank), standard for inspection, testing, and maintenance of water based fire protection systems
25
122
NFPA (blank), national fire alarm code
72
123
Air handling units over (blank) CFM must automatically shut down upon activation of a duct smoke detector installed upstream from the air handler
2000
124
True or false, smoke alarms are required in residential occupancy and must be interconnected with individual dwelling units
True
125
The design, installation and maintenance of fire alarm systems are regulated by NFPA (blank), the national fire alarm code
72
126
Systems that control the movement of (blank) or provide for the rapid exhaust of (blank) are required in atriums , covered malls, high piled combustible storage facilities, underground structures and large theaters
Smoke
127
Smoke and heat vents are required in large factory and storage buildings where the (blank) travel is long
Length of exit access
128
Curtain boards, which extends from the ceiling a minimum of (blank) feet are installed to retard the lateral movement of smokes and gasses
6
129
NFPA (blank) outlines the fire safety concept tree, it shows the link between fire prevention activities and fire damage control strategies
550
130
What is the term used to define the way fire performs a reacts and given situations
Fire behavior
131
(Blank) is the body of knowledge concerning the study of fire and related subjects and their interaction with people, structures, and the environment
Fire science
132
What helps explain how fires burn and how they are extinguished
The fire tetrahedron
133
A fourth side of the fire tetrahedron is called what , it recognizes the presence of an ongoing complex chemical process
Continuous chain reaction
134
The first stage of a fire is called the (blank), the fire may smolder for a period of time that ranges from seconds to hours before there is sufficient heat to produce open flame
Insipient phase
135
The second stage of a fire is called the (blank), as the fuel is burning free of nearly any constraint
Free burning phase
136
Because of the dynamic forces at work, we see rapid fire extension during What phase
Free burning phase
137
The third stage is called the (blank) stage, assuming that the structure is still intact the fire will have consumed a portion of the oxygen in the air and the fire is reduced to where it just smolders again
Smoldering stage
138
Heat from a fire Rises and stratifies Within an enclosed space, this natural process is called
Thermal stratification
139
In an enclosed environment such as found in structures, gases spread out and travel along the ceiling well in advance of the front of the actual fire, this is called
Roll over
140
Rollover may proceed the body of fire by as much as how many feet
20
141
Experimental work indicates that flashover can occur when upper room temperatures are between what and what
750 And 1112°F
142
Survival time of a fire fighter in bunker gear and breathing apparatus, fully encapsulated with gloves, hood, and helmet flops down, is estimated to be less than how many seconds
10
143
The key to preventing fire fighter deaths and injuries from flash overs is to prevent the flash over, as noted in NFPA (blank), standard on live fire training evolutions
1403
144
Conditions known to be variables affecting the attainment of flash over are:
1. HRR of materials
2. Preheating of Combustibles
3. Combustibility of wall and ceiling materials
4. Room geometry
145
Firefighters participating in a live fire exercise should be thoroughly briefed on the nature of a flash over and techniques for immediately exiting the danger area in how much time
15 to 30 seconds maximum
146
True or false the 2007 addition of an NFPA 1403 allows utilization of normally closed roof ventilation openings that can be opened in the event of an emergency
True
147
Agencies conducting life fire training must comply with NFPA blank
1403
148
The safety team must have a hose line of sufficient flow (blank) to extinguish a fire involving the entire fire room
Minimum of 95 GPM
149
Of all the fire related events described here, (blank) explosions are the most forceful
Backdraft
150
What term describes the spread Of the fire through the fuel load and the structure itself
Fire extension
151
(Blank) can be described as the procedure that is necessary to affect a planned and systematic direction and removal of smoke, heat, and fire gases from within the structure
Ventilation
152
(Blank) ventilation is Effective for small fires and may require nothing more than opening a few doors and windows
Natural ventilation
153
(Blank) ventilation is an alternative that uses fans or blowers to force the movement of air through the structure
Mechanical
154
What reduces the probability of Backdraft and flashover
Ventilation
155
What impacts the effectiveness of water
The application rate and the droplet size
156
Effective fire suppression occurs when the heat from the involved materials is transferred to the (blank) being applied
Water
157
The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 pound of water 1°F is called what
British thermal unit
158
What is a term used to describe the heat absorbing capacity of a substance
Specific heat
159
Water weighs about how many pounds per gallon
8.3
160
How many BTUs does each gallon of water have the potential for absorbing when heated from 60° to 212°
1266
161
What term means the quantity of heat absorbed by a substance when it changes from a liquid to a vapor
Latent heat of vaporization
162
What is the term used by scientist when measuring the quantity of heat or energy released per unit of weight
Heat of combustion
163
Wood and paper yield about how many BTUs per pound
8000
164
Polystyrene yields how many BTUs per pound
18,000
165
Gasoline yields how many BTUs per pound
19,000
166
True or false, flammable liquids and gases burn more readily than solids
True
167
Research has Showing that the average load of fuel in typical residential structures is about how many pounds per square foot
Four
168
The rate of water needed to control the fire is called
The theoretical fire flow
169
What is the national fire Academy’s fire flow formula
Gpm=area in square feet/3
170
What is a self operating thermal sensitive device that releases a spray of water over a designed area to control or extinguish the fire
An automatic fire protection sprinkler
171
What is a type of explosion caused by sudden influx of air into a mixture of burning gases that have been heated to the ignition temperature of at least one of them
Backdraft explosion
172
What is the term for the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 pound of water 1°F
British thermal unit
173
What is an assessment of the consequences on the community, which includes the property and the environment
Community consequences
174
What is the science of the phenomena and consequences of fire
Fire behavior
175
What is the movement of fire from one area to another
Fire extension
176
What is the resistance of a building to collapse or to total involvement in fire or the property of materials and their assemblies, which prevents or retards the passage of excessive heat, hot Gases or flames under conditions of use
Fire resistance
177
What is a dramatic event in a room fire that rapidly leads to full involvement of all combustible materials present
Flash over
178
What is the second phase of fire Growth, has sufficient fuel in oxygen to allow for continued fire Growth
Free burning phase
179
What is the total amount of combustible material within a fire area, expressed in terms of pounds per square foot
Fuel load or fire load
180
What is the amount of heat given off by a particular substance during the combustion process
Heat of combustion
181
What is the minimum temperature to which a substance must be heated to start combustion after An ignition source is introduced
Ignition temperature
182
What is the first stage of fire Growth, limited to the material originally ignited
Insipient phase
183
What factors are the number of people in danger, the immediacy of their danger, and their ability to provide for their own safety
Life risk factors
184
What are equipment or materials included in a document prepared by an Approved testing agency indicating that the equipment or materials were tested in accordance with an approved test protocol and found suitable for a specific use
Listed
185
What in broad terms means constructed of materials that will not burn
Non-combustible construction
186
What is an alternative method for Satisfying the fire protection and life safety intent of construction codes based on agreed on performance goals and objectives, engineering analysis, and quantitative assessment of alternatives against the design goals and objectives
Performance based design
187
What is a perspective Code that assigns An objective to be met and establishes criteria for determining compliance
Performance code
188
What construction is protected from the effects of fire by encasement; concrete, gypsum, and sprayed on fire resistance coatings are all used to protect structural elements
Protected
189
What is an Ignition of gases that have risen and Encountered fresh air, and thus a new supply of oxygen
Roll over
190
What is a mental assessment of the situation; gathering in analyzing information that is critical to the outcome of an event
Size up
191
What is the third stage of fire growth; once the oxygen has been reduced, visible fire diminishes
Smoldering phase
192
What is a perspective code that specifies a type of construction or materials to be used
Specification code
193
What is the heat absorbing capacity of a substance
Specific heat
194
What is an assessment of the age, condition, and structure type of a building, and the proximity of exposures
Structural factors
195
What is the water flow requirements expressed in gallons per minute needed to control a fire in a given area
Theoretical fire flow
196
What is the difference between the operating temperature of a fire detection device such as a sprinkler head and the actual air temperature when the device activates
Thermal lag
197
This is the rising of hotter gases in an enclosed space
Thermal stratification
198
This is a systematic process to enhance the removal of smoke and fire by products and the entry of cooler air to facilitate rescue and fire fighting operations
Ventilation
