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Fire Officer Principles and Practices 4th JBL > Ch 11-12 > Flashcards

Ch 11-12 Flashcards

(50 cards)

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1
Q

What is Community Risk Reduction (CRR)?

A

A process to identify and prioritize local risks, followed by strategic investment of resources to reduce their occurrence and impact.

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2
Q

What is Community Risk Assessment (CRA)?

A

A comprehensive evaluation that identifies, prioritizes, and defines risks pertaining to the overall community.

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3
Q

What standard governs CRR and CRA processes?

A

NFPA 1300, Standard on Community Risk Assessment and Community Risk Reduction Plan Development.

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4
Q

What elements are used to profile a community for CRA?

A

Demographics, geography, building stock, public safety agencies, community service organizations, hazards, economic factors, past loss/event history, critical infrastructure.

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5
Q

What demographic factors are included in a community profile?

A

Age, gender, income, race/ethnicity, social/cultural information, education, housing type/age/density.

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6
Q

Where can community demographic data be sourced?

A

U.S. Census Bureau, local government, public health departments, school districts, universities, NGOs.

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7
Q

What is a 100-year flood?

A

A flood with a 1% chance of occurring in any given year, based on U.S. Geological Survey frequency analysis.

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8
Q

What geographic factors are considered in CRA?

A

100-year flood areas, earthquake faults, landslide-prone areas, volcano locations, industrial/chemical hazards, nuclear/radiation hazards.

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9
Q

What is evaluated in building stock assessment?

A

Housing density, housing age, high-density structures, overcrowding.

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10
Q

Where can building stock data be obtained?

A

Local real estate tax assessment offices, social service agencies, or public health offices for overcrowding data.

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11
Q

How do NFPA 1710 and 1720 describe public safety coverage?

A

In terms of response time and assembly of crews for career and volunteer fire departments, respectively.

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12
Q

What is FireCARES?

A

A data-driven tool integrating scientific models to assist with community risk assessment and firefighting practices.

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13
Q

Which populations are considered at-risk by community service organizations?

A

Children under 6, adults over 65, people with disabilities, those in poverty, non-English speakers.

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14
Q

What are target hazards?

A

Facilities providing essential services, necessary for community welfare, or critical for public safety and disaster recovery.

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15
Q

Why are economic factors important in CRA?

A

Losing a major employer due to fire or disaster can cause significant economic loss, like job losses.

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16
Q

What is included in a loss/event history profile?

A

Past community experiences, trends, deaths, injuries, causation, dollar loss compared to local/regional/national data.

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17
Q

What are critical infrastructure systems?

A

Water, waste, communications, energy, transportation systems where failure significantly impacts the community.

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18
Q

How does Vision 20/20 categorize risk likelihood?

A

Almost certain, likely, possible, unlikely, rare.

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19
Q

How is risk consequence of impact classified?

A

Insignificant, minor, moderate, major, catastrophic.

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20
Q

What are the four levels of risk in CRR?

A

Extreme, high, moderate, low.

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21
Q

What is extreme risk in CRR?

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A

Requires detailed research and planning by executive officers to reduce consequences or likelihood.

22
Q

What is moderate risk in CRR?

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A

Requires specific target hazard or critical facility response and monitoring.

23
Q

What is the acceptable level of risk?

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A

A community standard for the level of risk citizens and government can tolerate and afford.

24
Q

What are the Five E’s of Prevention?

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A

Education, enforcement, engineering, economic incentives, emergency response.

25
How does education intervention work?
Raises awareness and provides knowledge to influence desired behaviors, like wearing seat belts.
26
What is an example of enforcement intervention?
Passing and enforcing laws or regulations, like brush clearance mandates.
27
What is an engineering intervention?
Changes in the physical environment, like installing fire sprinklers or smoke alarms.
28
What is an economic incentive?
Positive rewards (e.g., tax reductions) or negative penalties (e.g., fines) to influence behavior.
29
What is an emergency response intervention?
Mitigating risks through first responder capabilities, like adding or enhancing response resources.
30
What elements are included in a CRR plan?
Community description, risk priorities, goals, Five E's strategies, resources, timeline, organizational chart, measurement methods.
31
Why is a written CRR plan important?
It provides direction for participants’ activities and keeps team members focused on tasks.
32
What was the outcome of Mt. Lebanon’s CRR plan?
Increased working smoke alarms from 36% to 84% in poor districts, reduced fire injuries by 50%.
33
How does the fire department cooperate with allied organizations?
By complementing their efforts or partnering to reduce community risks.
34
What may be required for CRR partnerships?
Memorandum of agreement, contract for services, or labor contract consultation.
35
How is a CRR plan monitored?
By checking activities against the timeline monthly and collecting data to analyze progress and outcomes.
36
What is included in a CRR annual report?
Implementation description, efficiency/effectiveness analysis, financial details for grant-funded programs.
37
What is risk communications?
Real-time exchange of information and advice between experts and those facing health or social threats.
38
What is crisis communications?
Explaining an event, identifying consequences, and providing harm-reducing information promptly and accurately.
39
How does social media impact crisis communications?
It speeds up critical situations and can create new types of crises through rapid information sharing.
40
What are the three NFPA steps for media relations?
Build a strong foundation, use proactive outreach, use measured responsiveness.
41
How can a fire officer build a strong media foundation?
Establish trust with media contacts, be truthful, and maintain up-to-date contact lists.
42
What is proactive media outreach?
Actively seeking opportunities to communicate the department’s mission and objectives through the media.
43
What is a press release?
An official announcement from the PIO about events, programs, or incidents, typically one to two pages.
44
What should a press release include?
Date, department stationery, PIO contact, brief content answering who, what, when, where, why.
45
What are the NFPA guidelines for media interviews?
Be prepared, stay in control, look/act the part, assume nothing is off the record.
46
How should a fire officer prepare for an interview?
Confirm authorization, know the reporter’s angle, prepare three key message points.
47
What is social media-assisted career suicide syndrome (SMACSS)?
Social media posts leading to sudden negative career impacts, as coined by Dave Statter.
48
What social media posts may not be protected by free speech?
Posts threatening violence/harm or encouraging withholding public safety services.
49
What are two NFPA social media tips for outreach?
Plan a strategy with two daily posts, and be authentic to create a human digital presence.
50
How should social media content be tailored?
Customize posts to each platform’s capabilities and audience, avoiding identical posts across venues.
51
Why is administrative communication vital?
It enables fire officers to process information, supervise effectively, and stay informed on public safety trends.
52
What communication skills are essential for a fire officer?
Providing direction, reviewing policies, transmitting radio reports, engaging citizens, and preparing reports.
53
What is the dual nature of budget preparation?
Technical (calculating funds needed) and political (elected officials deciding funding priorities).
54
What role do elected officials play in budgeting?
They set tax rates and allocate funds among municipal organizations like fire, police, and schools.
55
What is the purpose of written communications?
To document routine and extraordinary activities, establishing institutional history.
56
What are informal communications?
Internal memos, e-mails, instant messages, and mobile data terminal messages, often not archived.
57
How are informal communications used?
To record or transmit information not needed for future reference, like performance issue memos.
58
What is a formal communication?
An official document on fire department letterhead, signed by the fire chief or designated officer.
59
How are formal reports handled?
They undergo administrative review, are signed by a chief officer, and are permanently archived.
60
What are Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs)?
Written directives prescribing specific methods for routine operations or administrative tasks.
61
What is the purpose of SOPs?
To ensure standard, consistent responses to emergencies, supervision, and administrative tasks.
62
What are Standard Operating Guidelines (SOGs)?
Directives identifying a goal and general path, including critical tasks or cautions.
63
How do SOGs differ from SOPs?
SOGs offer flexibility in achieving goals, often used in multijurisdictional responses.
64
What are general orders?
Formal documents addressing specific policies or situations, lasting days to permanently.
65
How are general orders used?
To announce promotions, personnel transfers, or temporary policies, available at all fire stations.
66
What is an interrogatory?
Written questions from an opposing legal party, requiring sworn answers and documentation.
67
Why is accurate reporting important for legal purposes?
To ensure clear, factual documentation for affidavits, depositions, or court testimony.
68
How should a report match its audience?
Use jargon for internal reports, but explain terms for external audiences like city councils.
69
What is a recommendation report?
A document advocating a specific action, including problem statement, background, and options.
70
What elements are in a recommendation report?
Problem, background, restrictions, options, recommendation, next action.
71
How should a verbal report presentation be structured?
Attention-grabbing opening, interest statement, logical details, call to action.
72
What advice does Dave Statter give on controversial issues?
Address abuses proactively, correct them, and break the news yourself if needed.
73
What is the first step in a budget proposal for a new service?
Describe what the service will do and the impact if not funded.
74
What are personnel expenses in a budget?
Salaries and fringe benefits, calculated as a percentage of salary (e.g., 28.7%).
75
What are operating expenses in a budget?
Vehicle costs, office operations, and personnel training, including maintenance and replacement fees.
76
What are capital expenditures in a budget?
Purchases of durable items like vehicles or equipment, lasting beyond one budget year.
77
What is the Alternative Response Unit (ARU) program?
A two-person unit handling EMS, smoke/CO alarms, and fire sprinkler/pull station calls.
78
How does the ARU benefit Engine 2?
Reduces Engine 2’s call volume, extends its service life, and improves fire response times.
79
What is the petty cash system?
A method for small purchases (<\$100) using cash, reimbursed with receipts.
80
What is a purchase order (PO)?
A document ensuring funds for purchases up to a limit (e.g., \$2000), often using phone bids.
81
What is a requisition?
A request to encumber funds for large purchases (e.g., >\$2000), followed by a bidding process.
82
What is the difference between bid specs and an RFP?
Specs require exact criteria; RFPs allow vendors to propose solutions.
83
How does a bid process work?
Vendors submit sealed bids meeting specs; the lowest bid wins, attached to a requisition.
84
How does an RFP process work?
Proposals are evaluated on performance and price; the highest-scoring vendor wins.
85
What are interagency cooperative arrangements?
Agreements leveraging group purchasing for discounts, like joint SCBA purchases.
86
What are common fire department revenue sources?
Municipal taxes, fire district taxes, regional authority funds, grants, or donations.
87
What is the Assistance to Firefighters Grant (AFG) program?
A federal grant program distributing funds to fire departments for equipment and services.
88
What are the four steps for a grant proposal?
Needs assessment, compare to grant priorities, decide what to apply for, complete application.
89
Why is a needs assessment critical for grants?
It justifies the request by showing community risk and department capability gaps.
90
How can fire departments recover costs?
By invoicing for hazmat response, special services, or overtime for events like film shoots.
91
What is a line-item budget?
A budget format categorizing expenditures line-by-line, compliant with GASB standards.
92
What are the three main expenditure categories?
Personnel costs, operating costs, capital expenditures.
93
Why are personnel costs high in fire budgets?
Salaries and benefits (e.g., pensions, worker’s compensation) account for over 90% of the budget.
94
What are examples of operating expenditures?
Uniforms, protective clothing, utilities, vehicle maintenance, and training costs.
95
How are capital expenditures defined?
Durable items costing above a set amount, lasting multiple years, like SCBA or vehicles.
96
What is a bond referendum?
Voter approval to borrow funds via bonds for large projects, repaid over 10-30 years.
97
How are bonds used in fire departments?
To fund fire station construction, apparatus purchases, or major renovations.
98
What are the six elements for successful culture change?
Transparency, teaching, inclusion, incentivizing, practicing ethics, procedural justice.
99
How is a problem identified for change?
By noting the gap between desired and current state after incidents or observations.
100
How is a change implemented and evaluated?
Through a pilot program, monitoring results to see if the gap is closed.

Fire Officer Principles and Practices 4th JBL (7 decks)

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