ch 11

Question 1

colonization

Answer 1

presence of microbes in host

Question 2

infection

Answer 2

multiplication of organism in host

Question 3

disease

Answer 3

when infection starts affecting host and causing damage

Question 4

commensalism

Answer 4

microbe benefits and host is unaffected

Question 5

mutualism

Answer 5

both benefit, host and microbe

Question 6

parasitism

Answer 6

pathogens cause damage to host

Question 7

sites where normal biota are found

Answer 7

skin, upper respiratory tract, vagina, external genitalia, external eyelids, GI tract, outer portion of urethra

Question 8

sites where normal biota are not found

Answer 8

brain and blood stream

Question 9

factors that weaken host defenses

Answer 9

–>old age, newborn
–>genetic defenses in immunity
–>surgery/transplants
–>diseases
–>chemotherapy
–>pregnancy

Question 10

5 sources where newborn acquire microbiota

Answer 10

1. in utero
2. birth
3. milk
4. caregivers
5. enviornment

Question 11

pathogenicity vs virulence

Answer 11

pathogenicity: potential to cause disease
virulence: characteristics that contributes to ability cause damage

Question 12

steps of a microbe must to take to cause disease

Answer 12

1. portal of entry
2. attach/negotiate with microbiome
3. survive host defenses
4. cause damage
5. exit host

Question 13

significance of polymicrobial infections

Question 14

portals of entry

Answer 14

respiratory, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, skin, parenteral

Question 15

portals of exit

Answer 15

respiratory secretions, feces, urine, blood, genital, secretions, wound exudates

Question 16

infectious dose

Answer 16

minimum number of microbes necessary to cause an infection

Question 17

three ways microbes cause tissue damge

Answer 17

1. enzymes or toxins (endotoxins and exotoxins)
2. inducing hosts defenses to respond excessively
3. changes in gene function made to host cells

Question 18

exoenzymes

Answer 18

enzymes secreted by microbes that break down and damage tissues

Question 19

4 examples of exoenzymes

Answer 19

mucinase, hyaluroidase, coagulase, kinase

Question 20

endotoxins vs exotoxins

Answer 20

endotoxins: gram negative, released upon lysis, less potent, lipopolysaccharide
exotoxins: protein with specificity for target, secreted, highly potent

Question 21

sign vs symptom

Answer 21

sign: evidence of disease as noted by observer
symptom: subjective evidence sensed by patient

Question 22

signs of blood infection

Answer 22

leukocytosis: increased white blood cell levels
leukopenia: decreased white blood cell levels
septicemia: microorganisms are multiplied in the blood and are present in large numbers
bacteremia/viremia: bacteria/virus present in blood (not multiplying

Question 23

asymptomatic

Answer 23

no noticeable symptoms produced

Question 24

pathogen

Answer 24

microorganism that causes disease

Question 25

sequealae

Answer 25

long term damage to organs caused by infections

Question 26

virulence factors

Answer 26

characteristic that contributes to ability to establish/cause damage

Question 27

4 types of reservoirs

Answer 27

human (carriers that are ill), human (recovered, but can spread), animals (pathogens are directly transmitted; eating), arthopods (host of pathogen is mode of transmission; mosquito)

Question 28

modes of transmission

Answer 28

direct/indirect contanct, droplet, airborne, fecal-oral

Question 29

horizontal vs vertical transmission

Answer 29

horizontal: disease spread through population from one infected individual to another vertical: transmitted from parent to offspring (milk)

Question 30

healthcare associated infection

Answer 30

infectious diseases developed during hospital stay (pneumonia, GI infections)

Question 31

reservoir

Answer 31

source of infectious agent

Question 32

transmitter

Answer 32

organism that spreads the infectious agent

Question 33

zoonosis

Answer 33

an infection indigenous to animals but naturally transmissible to humans

Question 34

communicable

Answer 34

disease transmissible from one person to another

Question 35

contagious

Answer 35

easily transmissible

Question 36

non communicable

Answer 36

not transmissible

Question 37

goals of epidemiology

Answer 37

study of frequency and distribution of disease

Question 38

vs tranditional medical practice

Answer 38

diagnosis/ treatment of patient for disease

Question 39

notifiable/ reportable disease

Answer 39

notifiable: must be reported to health authorities (HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis)

Question 40

incidence

Answer 40

rate of new cases of disease

Question 41

prevalence

Answer 41

total number of cases (NOT NEW)