ch 13

Question 1

third line differences

Answer 1

takes day to weeks to take effect
–> cell mediated (humoral)

Question 2

antigen

Answer 2

substance that causes the body to make immune response

Question 3

immunogen

Answer 3

molecules that stimulate immune response

Question 4

epitope

Answer 4

part of antigen recognized by antibodies

Question 5

6 characteristics of adaptive (specific immunity)

Answer 5

specificity, diversity, inducibility, clonality, tolerance, memory

Question 6

4 stages of an adaptive immune response

Answer 6

1. antigen recognition
2. lymphocyte activation
3. proliferation/differentiation
4. effecter response/memory formation

Question 7

cells involved in adaptive and specific responses

Answer 7

b cells, t cells, monocytes, leukocytes, antigen receptor cells

Question 8

role of cell markers

Answer 8

cell markers can be used to identify a specific immune cell population (classify the type of cell
–> antigens are markers that tell immune system whether something is harmful or not

Question 9

antigen presenting cell

Answer 9

processes antigens and present fragments to T cells (dendritic and macrophages) to promote immunity

Question 10

MCH II

Answer 10

selectively express on antigen presenting cells like dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells

Question 11

role of cytokines interlukin 1 and 2

Answer 11

IL1: triggers inflammation and activates the immune response (t and B cells)
IL2: promotes growth and proliferation of T cells, amplifying the immune response

Question 12

b memory cell

Answer 12

remember past invaders, becoming plasma cells if they encounter them again (life long immunity)

Question 13

plasma cell

Answer 13

factory for churning out antibodies to target a specific antigen

Question 14

t helper cell

Answer 14

orchestrator, helps activate b cells cytotoxin t cells and immune cells

Question 15

t helper 2 cells

Answer 15

promotes antibody production and is involved in allergic responses

Question 16

lgM vs lgG

Answer 16

lgM: fast/short lived; first line of defense, produced quickly by B cells
lgG: slow/long lasting; major antibody produced by activated B cells (long term immunity)

Question 17

cells not involved in CMI

Answer 17

b cells and plasma cells

Question 18

cells not involved in hmi

Answer 18

cytotoxic t cells

Question 19

MCH I

Answer 19

flags on all cells that showcase protein fragments from inside cell

Question 20

cytotoxic t cell

Answer 20

assassinates infected or abnormal cells

Question 21

memory t cell

Answer 21

remembers past invaders for faster CMI response

Question 22

t helper 1 cell

Answer 22

orchestrates CMI by activating CTLs and macrophages

Question 23

macrophages

Answer 23

engulfs pathogens, activates CTLS, blocks infections

Question 24

nk cells

Answer 24

eliminates some infected cells without prior exposure

Question 25

t helper vs. cytotoxic

Answer 25

t helper are leaders and won't directly kill, instead activate other immune cells cytotoxic: directly eliminate cells

Question 26

t cells become sensitized to antigen

Answer 26

antigen presentation by APCs, activation via t cell receptor

Question 27

characteristics of antigens

Answer 27

foreignness to the host, molecular size (>10 kDa) chemical complexity degradibility

Question 29

hapten

Answer 29

antigen molecule too small to generate immune response so it forms a complex with protein

Question 30

6 ways antibody-antigen complex clears pathogens

Answer 30

inhibition, neutralization, opsonization, aggluntination, precipitation, phagocytosis

Question 31

cytokine

Answer 31

proteins released by one cell population that mediates another

Question 32

3 cells that produce cytokines

Answer 32

mononuclear (monokines) lymphocytes (lymphokines) white blood cells (interleukin)

Question 33

6 types of cytokine activity

Answer 33

pro/anti inflammatory, chemotactic, growth promoting, apoptotic, immunomodulatory

Question 34

cytokine storm

Answer 34

excessive immune response (results in tissue damage and organ failure)

Question 35

4 different descriptors of adaptive states

Answer 35

natural active: acquired through infection natural passive: maternal antibodies artifical active: vaccination artificial passive: antibody transfer

Question 36

qualities of an effective vaccine

Answer 36

safe, highly effective at preventing disease and induce lasting immuniity

Question 37

two categores of vaccines

Answer 37

live attenuated (weakend virus) and inactivated (killed virus) sub: toxoid (target toxins) viral vector (modified virus)

Question 38

herd immunity

Answer 38

protects everyone (even unvacc.) when large population is immune. when not maintained it can lead to outbreaks