chapter 1 objectives

Question 1

microbiology

Answer 1

study of organisms too small to be seen without magnification.

Question 2

challenges of studying microbes

Answer 2

they cannot be seen directly, you need microscopes and indirect ways to view

Question 3

early ideas of disease transmission

Answer 3

disease was spontaneously created and transmitted, and/or that disease was the result of a curse from God

Question 4

pathogen

Answer 4

microorganism known to cause disease

Question 5

normal microbiota

Answer 5

normally present and doesn’t cause infection

Question 6

opportunistic pathogen

Answer 6

causes infection in certain conditions like a weakened immune system or because of antibiotics

Question 7

endemic example

Answer 7

chicken pox, malaria (maintained at baseline)

Question 8

epidemic example

Answer 8

smallpox, influenza

Question 9

pandemic example

Answer 9

covid-19

Question 10

emergent vs re-emergent diseases

Answer 10

emergent: disease that had not occurred in humans within past 2 decades
re-emergent: disease that was a major health problem and declined but is now on the rise

Question 11

hook

Answer 11

microscope

Question 12

leeuwenhoek

Answer 12

father of microbiology, microscope, discovered bacteria, free-living protists

Question 13

pasteur (and his experiments)

Answer 13

discredited spontaneous generation (comes from existing life), heating liquids to specific temperatures could kill bacteria

Question 14

semmelweis

Answer 14

realized the importance of cleanliness in hospitals/health settings and implemented hand washing which decreased spread of diseases

Question 15

snow

Answer 15

traced cholera outbreak to water supply and stated cholera could be prevented if water was cleaned

Question 16

koch’s postulates

Answer 16

1. find microorganism
2. isolate microorganism from host in culture
3. infect healthy animal with microorganism
4. reisolate the same microorganism

Question 17

Buist and Beijerinck

Answer 17

virology buist (cowpox) beijerinck (tobacco mosaic virus)

Question 18

fleming

Answer 18

first observation of the antibiotic properties of a mold and laid the foundation for the development of modern antibiotics (PENICILLIN)

Question 19

pasteurization

Answer 19

heat-treatment which kills many pathogenic microorganisms and prolongs shelf life

Question 20

sterilization

Answer 20

destroy all microorganisms and spores in foods and drinks using high pressure, radiation or chemicals

Question 21

families of biochemicals

Answer 21

carbohydrates (glucose), lipids (cholesterol), proteins (hemoglobin), nucleic acids (DNA)

Question 22

3 components of nucleotide

Answer 22

Phosphate group, pentose sugar, and nitrogenous base

Question 23

nomenclature

Answer 23

the choosing/assignment of names for taxonomic categories and organisms

Question 24

taxonomy

Answer 24

the classification of organisms

Question 25

identification

Answer 25

the process of recognizing organisms through recording of certain traits

Question 26

classification

Answer 26

arrangement of organism into groups based on similarities

Question 27

taxonomic categories

Answer 27

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

Question 28

traditional vs molecular approaches to taxonomy

Answer 28

molecular taxonomy: genetic information (DNA sequences) traditional taxonomy: classifies based on observable traits

Question 29

module for current taxonomy

Answer 29

Worse-Fox system of Taxonomy which is based on ribosomal RNA sequences