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Human Physiology > Ch 11: Endocrine System General > Flashcards

Ch 11: Endocrine System General Flashcards

1
Q

What organs can secrete hormones?

A

heart, liver, kidneys, adipose tissue, hypothalamus etc. in addition to endocrine glands

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2
Q

What are hormones secreted by the hypothalamus called?

A

neuro-hormones

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3
Q

What do hormones do?

A

regulate metabolism, growth, behavior and reproduction

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4
Q

Chemical classes of hormones

A

1) Amines
2) Polypeptides & proteins
3) Glycoproteins
4) Steroids

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5
Q

What are amines derived from?

A

tyrosine & tryptophan

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6
Q

Examples of amines hormones

A

some hormones of the adrenal medulla, thyroid, pineal gland

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7
Q

Examples of protein hormones

A

ADH, insulin, GH, oxytocin, glucagon, ACTH, parathyroid hormone

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8
Q

Examples of glycoprotein hormones

A

FSH, LH, TSH

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9
Q

Examples of steroid hormones

A

testosterone, estradiol, progesterone, cortisol

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10
Q

Where do steroid hormones originate from?

A

Derives from cholesterol, secreted by adrenal cortex and gonads

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11
Q

How must polar hormones be administered as a drug

A

Via injection

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12
Q

Examples of polar hormones

A

polypeptides, glycoproteins, catecholamines, norep, epinephrine

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13
Q

Examples of nonpolar hormones

A

steroids, thyroid hormone, melatonin

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14
Q

Prohormones

A

inactive hormones that must be spliced together to become active

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15
Q

Prehormones

A

inactive prohormones that must be modified within their target cells

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16
Q

Hormones may act

A

1) antagonistically, 2) synergistically, and/or 3) permissively

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17
Q

Hormones may act

A

1) antagonistically, 2) synergistically, and/or 3) permissively

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18
Q

How a cell responds to hormones depends on the _____ of hormone and the ________ of all hormones

A

amount; combination

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19
Q

Synergistic effects can be

A

1) additive (producing same effect) or 2) complementary (each contributes different piece to system)

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20
Q

Permissive effects

A

when one hormone makes target cell more responsive to a second hormone

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21
Q

Example of permissive effects

A

1) estrogen makes the uterus more receptive to progesterone

2) increased secretion of parathyroid hormone makes intestines more responsive to vitamin D in Ca++ absorption

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22
Q

Duration of hormone half lives

A

minutes to hours to days

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23
Q

How do hormones get removed from blood

A

removed by liver and converted to less active products

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24
Q

Higher than normal concentrations of blood hormone levels may result in;

A

1) binding to receptors of related hormones

2) widespread side effects

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25
Q

Priming effects/upregulation

A

when target cells respond to hormone by increasing the number of receptors available for hormone binding, resulting in greater response from more hormone release

26
Q

Example of cells using downregulation

A

adipose cells reducing receptors available to insulin for binding

27
Q

How can the body avoid hormone desensitization?

A

hormones get released in spurts = pulsatile secretion

28
Q

Hormones bind to receptors with high ______ and low ______

A

affinity; capacity

29
Q

Where do we find lipophilic hormone receptors?

A

in the cytoplasm or nucleus

30
Q

Where do we find water-soluble hormone receptors?

A

on the plasma membrane

31
Q

How do steroid hormones and thyroid hormone travel to the target cell?

A

attached to carrier proteins; dissoc. once at target

32
Q

What are hormone receptors in the nucleus called? What do they do?

A

nuclear hormone receptors; activate genetic transcription via transcription factors

33
Q

What effects do lipophilic hormones have?

A

to produce new proteins, usually enzymes, to change metabolism of the cell

34
Q

What 2 regions are on nuclear hormone receptors?

A

1) ligand-binding domain for hormone

2) DNA-binding domain for DNA

35
Q

Where does the DNA-binding protein bind, once the receptor is activated by the hormone?

A

to a short sequenced hormone response element on the DNA that sits adjacent to the gene to be transcribed

36
Q

What is an orphan receptor?

A

A receptor that has no known ligand (yet, to science)

37
Q

Nongenomic action

A

action that may occur in the cytoplasm of the cell, involving 2nd mssngrs and cause effects from seconds to minutes

38
Q

How long does it take to activate genomic effects?

A

at least 30 minutes

39
Q

Where are receptors for genomic action?

A

in the cytoplasm or in the nucleus; once the hormone binds to receptor the complex translocates to the nucleus

40
Q

How many ligands may be necessary for a hormone response element to activate? What is this called?

A

2 - dimerization (homodimer, since both complexes are the same)

41
Q

Coactivators & Corepressors

A

molecules that are needed in addition to steroid (or thyroid) hormone to bind to nuclear receptor proteins at different sites to change the effect of the hormone on transcription factors

42
Q

What happens to protein structure when lipophilic hormone binds?

A

1) removes heat shock proteins that prevented receptors from binding to DNA;
2) coactivators/repressors get recruited (activators modify chromatin to facilitate DNA transcription)

43
Q

Types of 2nd messngr mechanisms

A

1) Adenylate cyclase (cAMP)
2) Phospholipase C
3) Tyrosine kinase

44
Q

cAMP system is used by

A

epinephrine and norep

45
Q

What do epine and norep bind to?

A

b-adrenergic receptor

46
Q

What happens after epine or norep binds to the B-adrenergic receptor?

A

g-protein dissociates, activating adenylate cyclase

47
Q

What does adenylate cyclase use to make cAMP?

A

ATP

48
Q

What does cAMP activate?

A

protein kinase

49
Q

How does protein kinase work in the cell?

A

It phosphorylates proteins of target cell to alter cell metabolism

50
Q

cAMP is inactivated by

A

phosphodiesterase

51
Q

Some cells can use ____ in place of cAMP

A

cGMP

52
Q

What hormone uses the Phospholipase C system?

A

epinephrine (in some cells)

53
Q

In PC system, what does epine bind to?

A

a-adrenergic receptors, dissociating g-protein

54
Q

In PC system, g-protein dissociation activates ___

A

phospholipase C

55
Q

What does phospholipase C produce?

A

IP3 and DAG

56
Q

What do IP3 and DAg do?

A

release Ca++ from endoplasmic reticulum in cell

57
Q

What does Ca++ release do in PC system?

A

Ca activates calmodulin, activating protein kinases to modify enzymes

58
Q

Which hormones use tyrosine kinase systems?

A

insulin and growth factors

59
Q

What is the receptor name for insulin and growth factors?

A

tyrosine kinase

60
Q

Where is tyrosine kinase located?

A

on the plasma membrane, such that the ligand binding site is outside and the enzyme is internal

61
Q

Tyrosine kinase is activated by

A

phosphorylation

62
Q

What does the active tyrosine kinase phosphorylate?

A

insulin receptor substrate molecules, activating other enzyme cascades

Human Physiology (8 decks)

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