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Human Physiology > Lecture 1: Chapter 1: The Study of Body Function > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Chapter 1: The Study of Body Function Flashcards

1
Q

Physiology

A

the study of biological function; how the body works…

1) normal function of cells
2) mechanisms of action
3) cause-effect relationships
4) derived from science experiments

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2
Q

Pathophysiology

A

how disease and injury affects biological processes

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3
Q

Comparative Physiology

A

studies similarities and differences of animal organisms and aids development of drugs

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4
Q

Good physiological research requires:

A

1) quantifiable measurements
2) an experimental and control group
3) statistical analysis
4) review/publication in journal

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5
Q

Steps to Develop Pharmaceuticals

A

1) research and development
2) in vitro cell culture tests
3) animal tests (rodents) on genetically modifies rodents susceptible to studied disease - look for side effects
4) clinical trials with humans

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6
Q

Phases of Clinical Trials

A

Phase 1) testing on healthy human volunteers for side effects
Phase 2) test for effectiveness on people with the disease
Phase 3) increase sample size to include many age groups/ethnicities/diversity of ppl with >1 health condition (FDA can the approve)
Phase 4) trials to test other drug applications

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7
Q

Who demonstrated that the heart pumps through a closed vessel system?

A

William Harvey

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8
Q

Who observed that the internal body environment stays relatively constant?

A

Claude Bernard

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9
Q

Who coined the term “homeostasis”?

A

Walter Cannon

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10
Q

Homeostasis

A

the constancy of the internal environment and the main purpose of physiological mechanisms

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11
Q

How is homeostasis generally accomplished?

A

negative feedback loops

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12
Q

Three Components of Negative Feedback Loops

A

1) sensors
2) integrating centers
3) effectors

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13
Q

Sensors

A

detect change and send information to the integrating center

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14
Q

Integrating Centers

A

receive information of change from sensors and direct effectors appropriately

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15
Q

Effectors

A

receive information from the integrating center to enact change that counterbalances the environmental changes detected by the sensors

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16
Q

Antagonistic Effectors

A

opposing effectors that move conditions in opposite directions around the set point in order to maintain conditions in a normal range

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17
Q

Dynamic Constancy

A

process of maintaining body conditions within a certain normal range

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18
Q

Positive Feedback

A

when the end product of a reaction chain stimulates the process to occur again

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19
Q

Negative Feedback

A

when the end product of a reaction chain inhibits the process from occurring again

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20
Q

Can positive feedback work alone?

A

No, but it is apart of many negative feedback systems

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21
Q

Intrinsic Organ Regulation

A

cells within an organ sense a change and signal neighboring cells to respond appropriately

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22
Q

Extrinsic Organ Regulation

A

the brain or other organs regulate an organ using the endocrine or the peripheral and autonomic nervous systems

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23
Q

Neural Regulation

A

the nervous system “innervates” organs with nerve fibers

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24
Q

Endocrine Regulation

A

releases hormones into the blood which transports them to multiple target organs

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25
System for Hormone Secretions
1) hormones are secreted in response to a certain stimuli; 2) secretion can be inhibited by its own effects; 3) neg fdbk usually involves an antagonist to ensure homeostasis
26
Cell
basic unit of structure and function of living things
27
Tissue
group of cells that perform a similar function
28
Organ
group of two or more tissues into structural and functional units
29
Organ System
group of organs that work together in coordination
30
Organism
systems working together in coordination
31
Four Types of Primary Tissues
1) muscle 2) nervous 3) epithelial 4) connective
32
What are muscle tissues specialized for?
contraction
33
Three Types of Muscle Tissue
1) skeletal muscle 2) cardiac muscle 3) smooth muscle
34
Features of Skeletal Muscle
1) voluntary; 2) associated with skeletal bones; 3) produce body movements; 4) long, cylindrical, multi nucleated cells (myofibers) with visual striations; 5) form parallel bundles; 6) produce graded response; 7) few aren't associated with skeleton (tongue, esophagus, sphincters, diaphragm)
35
Which type of muscle cells are voluntary?
skeletal
36
Which type of muscle cells are associated with bones?
skeletal
37
Which types of muscle cells can be found in the diaphragm?
skeletal
38
Which type of muscle cells produce a graded response?
skeletal
39
Which type of muscle cells are long and multi nucleated?
skeletal
40
Which types of muscle cells are most responsible for body movements?
skeletal
41
Which type of muscle cells form parallel bundles?
skeletal and cardiac
42
Which type of muscle cells are long and cylindrical?
skeletal
43
Which type of muscle cells make up sphincters?
skeletal
44
Myofibers
long, cylindrical, multi-nucleated cells
45
Which type of muscle cells form striations?
skeletal and cardiac
46
Cardiac Muscle
muscle found only in the heart
47
Features of Cardiac Muscle
1) only in heart; 2) short, branched fibers; 3) fibers are interconnected physically and electrically; 4) involuntary; 5) striated; 6) posses intercalated discs that allow passage of sodium ions between cells; 7) form parallel bundles; 8) cannot produce graded response due to their connectedness
48
Which type of muscle cells are responsible for heart contractions?
cardiac
49
Which type of muscle cells are involuntary
cardiac and smooth
50
Which type of muscle cells have intercalated discs?
cardiac
51
Which type of muscle cells are physically and electrically connected?
cardiac
52
Which type of muscle cells cannot produce a graded response?
cardiac and smooth
53
Which type of muscle cell have short, branched fibers?
cardiac
54
Smooth Muscle
responsible for contraction in organ walls
55
Features of Smooth Muscle
1) found in walls of digestive, urinary, reproductive organs, blood vessels and bronchioles of lungs; 2) not striated; 3) involuntary; 4) found in bundles/layers that form different/opposing directions; 5) act in paristalsis
56
Peristalsis
coordinated, wave-like contraction of smooth muscle layers to move substances through organs
57
Which type of muscle tissue has one nucleus?
cardiac and smooth
58
Which type of muscle cells are found in hollow organ walls?
smooth
59
Which type of muscle cells are found in blood vessels?
smooth
60
Which type of muscle cells form opposing bundles?
smooth
61
Which type of muscle cells conduct peristalsis?
smooth
62
Where can you find nervous tissue?
in the brain, spinal cord and nerves
63
Types of Nervous Tissue
1) neurons | 2) neuroglia
64
Neuron Parts
1) dendrites; 2) axon; 3) cell body (perikaryon)
65
Neuroglia
supporting cells that do not conduct nerve impulses but are essential for nerve function
66
Perikaryon
cell body of nerve cell (metabolic center of nerve cell)
67
Epithelial Tissue
1) forms membranes that cover body surfaces, line inside of hollow organs and glands; 2) membranes classified by their layer number; 3) impermeable to blood vessels, nourished by connective tissues; 4) always sit on a basement membrane; 5) continually renew by losing surface cells and replacing them with new cells
68
Epithelial Layer Types
1) simple epithelium; 2) stratified epithelium
69
Simple Epithelium
has one layer and is specialized to transport substances
70
Stratified Epithelium
composed of multiple layers and provides protection
71
Epithelial Shape Types
1) squamous; 2) cuboidal; 3) columnar
72
Squamous Cells
flattened epithelial cells
73
Cuboidal Cells
epithelial cells that are as tall as they are long
74
Columnar Cells
tall epithelial cells
75
How do you name epithelial tissues?
cell shape classification + layer type
76
Goblet Cells
modified columnar tissues that secrete mucus and have cilia with coordinated movement
77
Which epithelial type covers visceral organs?
simple squamous
78
Which epithelial type lines body cavities?
simple squamous
79
Which epithelial type covers capillary walls?
simple squamous
80
Which epithelial type covers pulmonary alveoli of lungs?
simple squamous
81
Which epithelial type covers ovaries?
simple cuboidal
82
Which epithelial type covers lining of kidney tubules?
simple cuboidal
83
Which epithelial type covers salivary ducts?
simple cuboidal
84
Which epithelial type covers pancreatic ducts?
simple cuboidal
85
Which epithelial type covers most of the digestive tract lining?
simple columnar
86
Which epithelial type covers the lining of uterine tubes?
simple ciliated columnar
87
Which epithelial type covers the lining of respiratory pathways?
pseudostratified ciliated columnar
88
Which epithelial type covers the epidermis of the skin?
stratified squamous (keratinized)
89
Which epithelial type covers the lining of oral and nasal cavities?
stratified squamous (nonkeratinized)
90
Which epithelial type covers the vagina and anal canal?
stratified squamous (nonkeratinized)
91
Which epithelial type covers large ducts of sweat glands?
stratified cuboidal
92
Which epithelial type covers large ducts of salivary glands?
stratified cuboidal
93
Which epithelial type covers large ducts of the pancreas?
stratified cuboidal
94
Which epithelial type covers the walls of ureters?
transitional
95
Which epithelial type covers the urinary bladder and part of the urethra?
transitional
96
Junctional Complexes
structures that hold stratified epithelial tissue together
97
Nonkeratinized Stratified Tissues
these membranes have living cells in all layers
98
Keratinized Stratified Tissues
have cells filled with keratin (water-resistent) and layers of dead cells on surface
99
Exocrine Glands
1) derived from epithelial tissue; 2) secretions transported by ducts; 3) sercretors may be tubes or acini groups; 4) ex. sweat glands, salivary glands. etc.
100
Eccrine
type of numerous sweat gland that secretes salty sweat and involved in thermoregulation
101
Apocrine
sweat glands located on axillary and pubic regions that produce protein rich sweat for bacteria to feed on
102
Connective Tissues
a matrix of protein fibers, extracellular material and specialized cells
103
Four Types of Connective Tissue
1) Connective Tissue Proper 2) Cartilage 3) Bone 4) Blood
104
Connective Tissue Proper
composed of protein fibers and a gel-like ground substance
105
Loose Connective Tissue Proper
collagen fibers scattered loosely with room for blood vessels and nerves (upper layer of skin)
106
Dense Regular Connective Tissue Proper
densely packed collagen fibers with little room for ground substance (tendons and ligaments)
107
Types of Connective Tissue Proper
1) Loose; 2) Dense Regular; 3) Dense Irregular; 4) Adipose
108
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue Proper
connective tissue is composed of densely packed collagen fibers in various arrangements to resist mechanical forces
109
Adipose Connective Tissue Proper
tissue stores of fat, cells called adipocytes
110
Cartilage Connective Tissue
1) composed of chondrocytes surrounded by a semi-solid ground substance; 2) template skeleton during embryonic bone development; 3) found in joints to provide a gliding surface for bones
111
Bone
made of osteoblasts, osteocytes and lacunae; tooth dentin similar and made by cells in the pulp
112
Osteoblasts
bone cells that trap mineral salts, forming concentric layers of calcified material around a canal filled with blood vessels and nerves
113
Osteocytes
cells that osteoblasts turn into when the calcified matrix is hardened, live in lacunae
114
Lacunae
spaces in the bone matrix where osteocytes are found
115
Skin Tissue Types
1) epidermis (keratinized stratified squamous - protects against water loss and abrasion); 2) dermis (dense irregular connective tissue containing exocrine glands, hair follicles, sense receptors, blood vessels) and 3) hypodermis (adipose tissue for padding and insulation)
116
What types of germ layers can tissues come from?
endoderm, mesoderm or ectoderm
117
Totipotent (Omnipotent)
zygotes; cells can become any type of tissue cell of give rise to whole organism; true stem cells
118
Pluripotent
embryonic stem cells: descendants of totipotent cells and can differentiate into nearly any type of tissue cells
119
Mulitipotent
adult stem cells: limited to a narrow range of tissues, retained to allow for cell replacement in some tissue types
120
Intracellular
area inside cells, contains 65% of total body water
121
Extracellular
area outside of cells, filled with water

Human Physiology (8 decks)

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