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Human Physiology > Lecture 1: Chapter 1: The Study of Body Function > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Chapter 1: The Study of Body Function Flashcards

1
Q

Physiology

A

the study of biological function; how the body works…

1) normal function of cells
2) mechanisms of action
3) cause-effect relationships
4) derived from science experiments

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2
Q

Pathophysiology

A

how disease and injury affects biological processes

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3
Q

Comparative Physiology

A

studies similarities and differences of animal organisms and aids development of drugs

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4
Q

Good physiological research requires:

A

1) quantifiable measurements
2) an experimental and control group
3) statistical analysis
4) review/publication in journal

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5
Q

Steps to Develop Pharmaceuticals

A

1) research and development
2) in vitro cell culture tests
3) animal tests (rodents) on genetically modifies rodents susceptible to studied disease - look for side effects
4) clinical trials with humans

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6
Q

Phases of Clinical Trials

A

Phase 1) testing on healthy human volunteers for side effects
Phase 2) test for effectiveness on people with the disease
Phase 3) increase sample size to include many age groups/ethnicities/diversity of ppl with >1 health condition (FDA can the approve)
Phase 4) trials to test other drug applications

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7
Q

Who demonstrated that the heart pumps through a closed vessel system?

A

William Harvey

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8
Q

Who observed that the internal body environment stays relatively constant?

A

Claude Bernard

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9
Q

Who coined the term “homeostasis”?

A

Walter Cannon

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10
Q

Homeostasis

A

the constancy of the internal environment and the main purpose of physiological mechanisms

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11
Q

How is homeostasis generally accomplished?

A

negative feedback loops

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12
Q

Three Components of Negative Feedback Loops

A

1) sensors
2) integrating centers
3) effectors

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13
Q

Sensors

A

detect change and send information to the integrating center

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14
Q

Integrating Centers

A

receive information of change from sensors and direct effectors appropriately

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15
Q

Effectors

A

receive information from the integrating center to enact change that counterbalances the environmental changes detected by the sensors

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16
Q

Antagonistic Effectors

A

opposing effectors that move conditions in opposite directions around the set point in order to maintain conditions in a normal range

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17
Q

Dynamic Constancy

A

process of maintaining body conditions within a certain normal range

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18
Q

Positive Feedback

A

when the end product of a reaction chain stimulates the process to occur again

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19
Q

Negative Feedback

A

when the end product of a reaction chain inhibits the process from occurring again

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20
Q

Can positive feedback work alone?

A

No, but it is apart of many negative feedback systems

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21
Q

Intrinsic Organ Regulation

A

cells within an organ sense a change and signal neighboring cells to respond appropriately

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22
Q

Extrinsic Organ Regulation

A

the brain or other organs regulate an organ using the endocrine or the peripheral and autonomic nervous systems

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23
Q

Neural Regulation

A

the nervous system “innervates” organs with nerve fibers

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24
Q

Endocrine Regulation

A

releases hormones into the blood which transports them to multiple target organs

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25
Q

System for Hormone Secretions

A

1) hormones are secreted in response to a certain stimuli; 2) secretion can be inhibited by its own effects; 3) neg fdbk usually involves an antagonist to ensure homeostasis

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26
Q

Cell

A

basic unit of structure and function of living things

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27
Q

Tissue

A

group of cells that perform a similar function

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28
Q

Organ

A

group of two or more tissues into structural and functional units

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29
Q

Organ System

A

group of organs that work together in coordination

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30
Q

Organism

A

systems working together in coordination

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31
Q

Four Types of Primary Tissues

A

1) muscle
2) nervous
3) epithelial
4) connective

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32
Q

What are muscle tissues specialized for?

A

contraction

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33
Q

Three Types of Muscle Tissue

A

1) skeletal muscle
2) cardiac muscle
3) smooth muscle

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34
Q

Features of Skeletal Muscle

A

1) voluntary; 2) associated with skeletal bones; 3) produce body movements; 4) long, cylindrical, multi nucleated cells (myofibers) with visual striations; 5) form parallel bundles; 6) produce graded response; 7) few aren’t associated with skeleton (tongue, esophagus, sphincters, diaphragm)

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35
Q

Which type of muscle cells are voluntary?

A

skeletal

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36
Q

Which type of muscle cells are associated with bones?

A

skeletal

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37
Q

Which types of muscle cells can be found in the diaphragm?

A

skeletal

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38
Q

Which type of muscle cells produce a graded response?

A

skeletal

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39
Q

Which type of muscle cells are long and multi nucleated?

A

skeletal

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40
Q

Which types of muscle cells are most responsible for body movements?

A

skeletal

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41
Q

Which type of muscle cells form parallel bundles?

A

skeletal and cardiac

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42
Q

Which type of muscle cells are long and cylindrical?

A

skeletal

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43
Q

Which type of muscle cells make up sphincters?

A

skeletal

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44
Q

Myofibers

A

long, cylindrical, multi-nucleated cells

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45
Q

Which type of muscle cells form striations?

A

skeletal and cardiac

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46
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A

muscle found only in the heart

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47
Q

Features of Cardiac Muscle

A

1) only in heart; 2) short, branched fibers; 3) fibers are interconnected physically and electrically; 4) involuntary; 5) striated; 6) posses intercalated discs that allow passage of sodium ions between cells; 7) form parallel bundles; 8) cannot produce graded response due to their connectedness

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48
Q

Which type of muscle cells are responsible for heart contractions?

A

cardiac

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49
Q

Which type of muscle cells are involuntary

A

cardiac and smooth

50
Q

Which type of muscle cells have intercalated discs?

A

cardiac

51
Q

Which type of muscle cells are physically and electrically connected?

A

cardiac

52
Q

Which type of muscle cells cannot produce a graded response?

A

cardiac and smooth

53
Q

Which type of muscle cell have short, branched fibers?

A

cardiac

54
Q

Smooth Muscle

A

responsible for contraction in organ walls

55
Q

Features of Smooth Muscle

A

1) found in walls of digestive, urinary, reproductive organs, blood vessels and bronchioles of lungs; 2) not striated; 3) involuntary; 4) found in bundles/layers that form different/opposing directions; 5) act in paristalsis

56
Q

Peristalsis

A

coordinated, wave-like contraction of smooth muscle layers to move substances through organs

57
Q

Which type of muscle tissue has one nucleus?

A

cardiac and smooth

58
Q

Which type of muscle cells are found in hollow organ walls?

A

smooth

59
Q

Which type of muscle cells are found in blood vessels?

A

smooth

60
Q

Which type of muscle cells form opposing bundles?

A

smooth

61
Q

Which type of muscle cells conduct peristalsis?

A

smooth

62
Q

Where can you find nervous tissue?

A

in the brain, spinal cord and nerves

63
Q

Types of Nervous Tissue

A

1) neurons

2) neuroglia

64
Q

Neuron Parts

A

1) dendrites; 2) axon; 3) cell body (perikaryon)

65
Q

Neuroglia

A

supporting cells that do not conduct nerve impulses but are essential for nerve function

66
Q

Perikaryon

A

cell body of nerve cell (metabolic center of nerve cell)

67
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

1) forms membranes that cover body surfaces, line inside of hollow organs and glands; 2) membranes classified by their layer number; 3) impermeable to blood vessels, nourished by connective tissues; 4) always sit on a basement membrane; 5) continually renew by losing surface cells and replacing them with new cells

68
Q

Epithelial Layer Types

A

1) simple epithelium; 2) stratified epithelium

69
Q

Simple Epithelium

A

has one layer and is specialized to transport substances

70
Q

Stratified Epithelium

A

composed of multiple layers and provides protection

71
Q

Epithelial Shape Types

A

1) squamous; 2) cuboidal; 3) columnar

72
Q

Squamous Cells

A

flattened epithelial cells

73
Q

Cuboidal Cells

A

epithelial cells that are as tall as they are long

74
Q

Columnar Cells

A

tall epithelial cells

75
Q

How do you name epithelial tissues?

A

cell shape classification + layer type

76
Q

Goblet Cells

A

modified columnar tissues that secrete mucus and have cilia with coordinated movement

77
Q

Which epithelial type covers visceral organs?

A

simple squamous

78
Q

Which epithelial type lines body cavities?

A

simple squamous

79
Q

Which epithelial type covers capillary walls?

A

simple squamous

80
Q

Which epithelial type covers pulmonary alveoli of lungs?

A

simple squamous

81
Q

Which epithelial type covers ovaries?

A

simple cuboidal

82
Q

Which epithelial type covers lining of kidney tubules?

A

simple cuboidal

83
Q

Which epithelial type covers salivary ducts?

A

simple cuboidal

84
Q

Which epithelial type covers pancreatic ducts?

A

simple cuboidal

85
Q

Which epithelial type covers most of the digestive tract lining?

A

simple columnar

86
Q

Which epithelial type covers the lining of uterine tubes?

A

simple ciliated columnar

87
Q

Which epithelial type covers the lining of respiratory pathways?

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar

88
Q

Which epithelial type covers the epidermis of the skin?

A

stratified squamous (keratinized)

89
Q

Which epithelial type covers the lining of oral and nasal cavities?

A

stratified squamous (nonkeratinized)

90
Q

Which epithelial type covers the vagina and anal canal?

A

stratified squamous (nonkeratinized)

91
Q

Which epithelial type covers large ducts of sweat glands?

A

stratified cuboidal

92
Q

Which epithelial type covers large ducts of salivary glands?

A

stratified cuboidal

93
Q

Which epithelial type covers large ducts of the pancreas?

A

stratified cuboidal

94
Q

Which epithelial type covers the walls of ureters?

A

transitional

95
Q

Which epithelial type covers the urinary bladder and part of the urethra?

A

transitional

96
Q

Junctional Complexes

A

structures that hold stratified epithelial tissue together

97
Q

Nonkeratinized Stratified Tissues

A

these membranes have living cells in all layers

98
Q

Keratinized Stratified Tissues

A

have cells filled with keratin (water-resistent) and layers of dead cells on surface

99
Q

Exocrine Glands

A

1) derived from epithelial tissue; 2) secretions transported by ducts; 3) sercretors may be tubes or acini groups; 4) ex. sweat glands, salivary glands. etc.

100
Q

Eccrine

A

type of numerous sweat gland that secretes salty sweat and involved in thermoregulation

101
Q

Apocrine

A

sweat glands located on axillary and pubic regions that produce protein rich sweat for bacteria to feed on

102
Q

Connective Tissues

A

a matrix of protein fibers, extracellular material and specialized cells

103
Q

Four Types of Connective Tissue

A

1) Connective Tissue Proper
2) Cartilage
3) Bone
4) Blood

104
Q

Connective Tissue Proper

A

composed of protein fibers and a gel-like ground substance

105
Q

Loose Connective Tissue Proper

A

collagen fibers scattered loosely with room for blood vessels and nerves (upper layer of skin)

106
Q

Dense Regular Connective Tissue Proper

A

densely packed collagen fibers with little room for ground substance (tendons and ligaments)

107
Q

Types of Connective Tissue Proper

A

1) Loose; 2) Dense Regular; 3) Dense Irregular; 4) Adipose

108
Q

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue Proper

A

connective tissue is composed of densely packed collagen fibers in various arrangements to resist mechanical forces

109
Q

Adipose Connective Tissue Proper

A

tissue stores of fat, cells called adipocytes

110
Q

Cartilage Connective Tissue

A

1) composed of chondrocytes surrounded by a semi-solid ground substance; 2) template skeleton during embryonic bone development; 3) found in joints to provide a gliding surface for bones

111
Q

Bone

A

made of osteoblasts, osteocytes and lacunae; tooth dentin similar and made by cells in the pulp

112
Q

Osteoblasts

A

bone cells that trap mineral salts, forming concentric layers of calcified material around a canal filled with blood vessels and nerves

113
Q

Osteocytes

A

cells that osteoblasts turn into when the calcified matrix is hardened, live in lacunae

114
Q

Lacunae

A

spaces in the bone matrix where osteocytes are found

115
Q

Skin Tissue Types

A

1) epidermis (keratinized stratified squamous - protects against water loss and abrasion); 2) dermis (dense irregular connective tissue containing exocrine glands, hair follicles, sense receptors, blood vessels) and 3) hypodermis (adipose tissue for padding and insulation)

116
Q

What types of germ layers can tissues come from?

A

endoderm, mesoderm or ectoderm

117
Q

Totipotent (Omnipotent)

A

zygotes; cells can become any type of tissue cell of give rise to whole organism; true stem cells

118
Q

Pluripotent

A

embryonic stem cells: descendants of totipotent cells and can differentiate into nearly any type of tissue cells

119
Q

Mulitipotent

A

adult stem cells: limited to a narrow range of tissues, retained to allow for cell replacement in some tissue types

120
Q

Intracellular

A

area inside cells, contains 65% of total body water

121
Q

Extracellular

A

area outside of cells, filled with water

Human Physiology (8 decks)

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