Ch 11 - Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

affiliation

Answer 1

the need to form attachments to other people for support, guidance, and protection.

Question 2

anorexia nervosa

Answer 2

eating disorder in which individuals under-eat and have a distorted body image of being overweight.

Question 3

basic emotions

Answer 3

a group of emotions preprogrammed into all humans regardless of culture.

Question 4

body mass index (BMI)

Answer 4

weight-to-height ratio.

Question 5

body weight set point

Answer 5

a weight that individuals typically return to even after dieting or overeating.

Question 6

bulimia nervosa

Answer 6

eating disorder in which individuals binge and then engage in purging-type behaviour.

Question 7

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

Answer 7

a theory proposing that the subjective experience of emotion and the activation of the sympathetic nervous system (that is, bodily arousal) occur simultaneously.

Question 8

cognitive-mediational theory of emotion

Answer 8

a theory proposing that cognitive interpretations, particularly appraisals, of events are the keys to experiences of emotion.

Question 9

emotion

Answer 9

an intrapersonal state that occurs in response to either an external or an internal event and typically involves a physiological component, a cognitive component, and a behavioural component.

Question 10

extrinsic motivation

Answer 10

engaging in a behaviour due to the influence of factors outside ourselves.

Question 11

Facila efference

Answer 11

sensory feedback from facial muscular activity.

Question 12

facial-feedback theory of emotion

Answer 12

a theory proposing that subjective experiences of emotion are influenced by sensory feedback from facial muscular activity, or facial efference.

Question 13

homeostasis

Answer 13

a tendency of the body to maintain itself in a state of balance or equilibri

Question 14

incentives

Answer 14

external motives that indirectly indicate reward.

Question 15

instincts

Answer 15

inborn behavioural tendencies, activated by stimuli in our environments.

Question 16

intrinsic motivation

Answer 16

engaging in a behaviour simply for the satisfaction that is part of doing it.

Question 17

James-Lange theory of emotion

Answer 17

a theory proposing that felt emotions result from physiological changes, rather than being their cause.

Question 18

lateral hypothalamus (LH)

Answer 18

a region of the hypothalamus important in signalling thirst and hunger.

Question 19

leptin

Answer 19

a protein produced by fat cells that is important for regulating the amount of food eaten over long periods of time.

Question 20

motivation

Answer 20

an internal state or condition that directs behaviour.

Question 21

motive

Answer 21

a need or desire.

Question 22

obesity

Answer 22

overweight characterized as a body mass index of over 30.

Question 23

Schachter and Singer’s two-factor theory of emotion

Answer 23

a theory proposing that an emotional state is a function of both physiological arousal and cognition.

Question 24

self-determination

Answer 24

instinctive feelings of competence, relatedness, and autonomy that give purpose to life.

Question 25

ventromedial region of the hypothalamus (VMH)

Answer 25

a region of the hypothalamus important in signalling satiety.

Question 26

Yerkes-Dodson law

Answer 26

law stating that ideal performance on a task occurs when the arousal level is optimized to the difficulty level of the task.

Question 27

neural circuitry

Answer 27

Hunger passes through neural circuits that pass through the hypothalamus

Question 28

what hormones increase our hunger?

Answer 28

insulin and ghrelin

Question 29

normative cues (hunger examples)

Answer 29

1. food availability increases hunger 2. food variety increases.hunger 3. presence of others can affect hunger 4. learning processes can increase hunger

Question 30

Sexual desire

Answer 30

increases in testosterone that occur for both men and women when desire is experienced

Question 31

Evolutionary theory

Answer 31

argues that sexual behaviour is a function of enhancing our reproductive success; men and women's sexual behaviours occur in order to ensure that their genes get passed down to the next generation.

Question 32

Social scripts

Answer 32

the messages and norms that society promotes for men and women differently.

Question 33

Kinsey was among the first researchers to report that _______ is not an 'either/or' choice, but rather ______ can be conceptualized as a continuum whereby an exclusively _______choice is at one end and an exclusively ______choice is at the other.

Answer 33

sexual preference sexuality heterosexual homosexual

Question 34

Evidence against a purely biological explanation

Answer 34

- men knew from a very young age | - women indicate this was a choice later in life

Question 35

4 elements of achievement

Answer 35

1. Need for achievement 2. fear of failure 3. perceived probability of success 4. incentive value

Question 36

Needs for achievement

Answer 36

The personality trait, Need for Achievement varies across individuals

Question 37

fear of failure

Answer 37

how much we fear failure is also considered a stable trait. It can often get in the way of a need to achieve

Question 38

perceived probability of success

Answer 38

Despite the strength of your need to achieve, situational factors, such as the likelihood we will succeed also affect our motivation.

Question 39

incentive value

Answer 39

we also ask ourselves whether it's worth it to put the effort into a particular goal.

Question 40

Cognitive component:

Answer 40

Conscious understanding of how we feel: "I'm feeling sad"

Question 41

Evaluation of emotion

Answer 41

Our judgements of our feelings; Is this good/bad/appropriate etc.?

Question 42

Prediction of emotion

Answer 42

Also known as 'affective forecasting'; can we predict how we'll feel in the future.

Question 43

Culture

Answer 43

Emotions have both universalities across cultures and differences.

Question 44

Similarities

Answer 44

Primary emotions that can be identified by every culture exist: happy, sad, angry, fear, surprise, disgust

Question 45

Differences

Answer 45

some emotions are more common to some cultures vs others.

Question 46

Physiological component

Answer 46

There is a physical reaction when we feel.

Question 47

Autonomic arousal

Answer 47

Fight/flight arousal will occur in threatening situations

Question 48

Brain

Answer 48

Various components of the brain are activated when processing emotion

Question 49

Amygdala

Answer 49

The fast pathway of emotion activates the amygdala; we process conditioned fear here. If the amygdala of a cat is stimulated, they hiss and slash (fighting behaviour).

Question 50

Pre-frontal cortex

Answer 50

A slower pathway of emotion occurs via the pre-frontal cortex as our ability to self-control emotion is processed here. Recall our pre-frontal cortex is not fully developed before 25, hence our self-control of emotion is difficult until then.

Question 51

Cingulate cortex

Answer 51

pain-related emotion such as trauma is processed here.

Question 52

Mesolimbic dopamine pathway

Answer 52

Pleasure emotions activate this pathway. As it is our reward pathway, pleasure emotions such as love are said to be addictive J

Question 53

Mirror Neurons

Answer 53

We have neurons that are activated when watching others; these could help to explain our ability to empathize

Question 54

Behavioural component

Answer 54

We express how we feel in various ways.

Question 55

Facial Expressions

Answer 55

we have about 80 different muscles in our faces; as such. The Facial feedback hypothesis states that these facial muscles indicate to the brain what we are feeling. Those who 'put on a happy face' report feeling happier than those asked to frown.

Question 56

Display rules

Answer 56

Whether we choose to express these emotions can depend on what we've been told about whether it's appropriate to express emotion. Some cultures allow for more expression than others; some environments (work vs home) may also have different rules