Ch 13- social psychology Flashcards
(57 cards)
halo effect
those who are physically attractive are considered to have more positive qualities: they are considered nicer, more well-adjusted psychologically, more competent and honest.
schemas
Our expectations about the type of person someone is, or what a particular experience should be, affects our impression.
Attributions
are the inferences that people make about what causes behaviour.
The most common ways we define others’ behaviour is in terms of whether it’s an _____ or an ______ cause.
- internal (dispositional)
2. external (situational)
Fundamental attribution error
the tendency to use dispositional attributions to explain the behaviour of other people.
Defensive attributions
we blame victims for their predicament.
Self-serving bias
we attribute our failures to situational factors and our successes to dispositional factors
Actor-observer bias
the discrepancy between how we explain other people’s behaviour (dispositionally) and how we explain our own behaviour (situationally).
ex of self-serving bias
If you fail an exam, you might say, “I was too stressed”. If you do well, you instead say, “I’m awesome!!!”
ex of Actor observer bias
“Smokers are weak; I’m just smoking because I’m stressed”
Collectivist cultures are those who put group goals ahead of ________-
one’s own individual goals (Eastern cultures).
Collectivists are less likely to make the ________ error and commit _____ than North Americans, who tend to be individualistic (focusing on one’s own goals over the group).
- fundamental attribution
2. self-serving bias
the ABC’s of attitudes:
A = affect; B = behaviour and C = cognition.
cognitive component
beliefs, ideas
affective component
emotions, feelings
behavioural component
predispositions to act
Measuring attitudes can be done what two ways?
- explicitly
2. implicitly
explicitly
using self-report measures to assess our conscious attitudes
implicitly
using more subtle, covert ways, detectable only through automatic or unobtrusive measures.
Implicit Association Task (IAT)
The theory behind it is that we have quicker reaction times to things we like or agree with.
Many studies show a difference on implicit measures compared to explicit measures; we may be _____ , but ______.
- explicitly non-prejudiced
2. implicitly prejudiced
aggression
a broad range of behaviours intended to harm others.
altruism
self-sacrificing behaviour carried out for the benefit of others.
cognitive dissonance
a state of emotional discomfort people experience when they hold two contradictory beliefs or hold a belief that contradicts their behaviour.
