Ch 11: Nervous System

Question 1

Three essential roles of the nervous system

Answer 1

-Sensing (Sense organ and nerve endings)
-Integrating (Process information and determine response)
-Responding (Send commands to muscles)

Question 2

Central nervous system

Answer 2

Involves the brain and spinal cord

Question 3

Peripheral nervous system

Answer 3

-sensory (afferent)
-motor (efferent)

Question 4

Sensory nervous system

Answer 4

-Somatic sensory (Signals from skin bones joints and muscle)
-Visceral sensory(Signals from viscera of heart lungs stomach and bladder)

Question 5

Motor nervous system

Answer 5

-Somatic motor system (Signals from nerve to central nervous system)
-Autonomic motor system (Signals from the central nervous system to the body)

Question 6

Autonomic motor system

Answer 6

-Sympathetic
-Parasympathetic

Question 7

Four types of neuroglia in the CNS

Answer 7

-Oligodendrocytes
-Ependymal cells
-Microglia
-Astrocytes

Question 8

Oligodendrocytes

Answer 8

Form myelin sheath in the brain and spinal cord to speed signal conduction

Question 9

Ependymal cells

Answer 9

-glial cellls
-Line spinal cord and brain cavities
-Secrete and move cerebrospinal fluid

Question 10

Microglia

Answer 10

-Perform phagocytosis of micro organisms and cellular debris

Question 11

Astrocytes

Answer 11

Nourish neurons in the brain tissue

Question 12

Neuroglia in PNS

Answer 12

-Schwann cells
-Satellite cells

Question 13

Schwann cells

Answer 13

Form myelin sheath around nerves in the PNS (Same as oligodendrocytes)

Question 14

Satellite cells

Answer 14

Nourishes the neurons in the PNS (Same as astrocytes)

Question 15

Sensory neurons

Answer 15

Detect stimuli and transmit information to the CNS

Question 16

Interneurons

Answer 16

Connect incoming sensory pathways with outgoing motor pathways

Question 17

Motor neurons

Answer 17

Relay messages from the brain to the muscle or gland cells

Question 18

Multipolar neurons

Answer 18

Have one axon and multiple dendrites. this is the most common type of neuron

Question 19

Bipolar neurons

Answer 19

Have two processes an axon and a dendrite with the cell body in between the two processes

Question 20

Unipolar neurons

Answer 20

Have one process: an axon that extends from the cell body before branching in a T shape.
-Exist mostly in the sensory nerves of the peripheral nervous system

Question 21

Sodium potassium pump process

Answer 21

-Resting potential
-Depolarization
-Action potential
-Repolarization
-Refractory period

Question 22

Electrical synapse

Answer 22

The neurons touch which allows an action potential to pass directly from one neuron to the next

Question 23

Chemical synapse

Answer 23

The neurons do not touch so neurotransmitters are used to cross the synaptic cleft.

Question 24

Cauda equina

Answer 24

Bundle of nerve roots that protrude from the end of the spinal cord

Question 25

Ascending tract

Answer 25

Conveys sensory signals up the spinal cord

Question 26

Descending tract

Answer 26

Conveys impulses down the spinal cord to the skeletal muscles

Question 27

Gray matter

Answer 27

-Contains no myelin -Contains motor neurons and interneurons -H shaped mass in the middle of the spinal cord

Question 28

White matter

Answer 28

-Contains myelin -Contains bundles of axons that carry impulses away from one part of the nerve system to another

Question 29

Epidural space

Answer 29

-Between the outer covering of the spinal cord and the vertebrae -Contains blood vessels connective tissue and fat

Question 30

Central canal of the spinal cord

Answer 30

-A small opening in the middle that carries cerebrospinal fluid

Question 31

Three layers of the meninges from the inside out

Answer 31

-Pia Mater: Innermost layer that contains blood vessels -Arachnoid Mater: Middle layer, very thin -Dura mater: tough outer layer

Question 32

Dorsal nerve roots

Answer 32

-Located posteriorly -Carries information into the spinal cord

Question 33

Ventral nerve roots

Answer 33

-Located anteriorly -Carries motor information out of the spinal cord

Question 34

Ganglion

Answer 34

Cell bodies of the dorsal neurons clustered in a knot like structure

Question 35

Spinal nerve

Answer 35

-A single nerve resulting from the fusion of the dorsal and ventral nerve roots -Called a mixed nerve

Question 36

Ascending tracts

Answer 36

Convey sensory signals up the spinal cord to the brain

Question 37

Descending tracts

Answer 37

Conduct motor impulses down the spinal cord to skeletal muscles

Question 38

Subarachnoid space

Answer 38

-Between the pia Mater and the arachnoid Mater -Contains cerebrospinal fluid

Question 39

Cervical nerves

Answer 39

Eight pairs -C1-C8

Question 40

Thoracic nerves

Answer 40

12 pairs -T1-T12

Question 41

Lumbar nerves

Answer 41

Five pairs -L1-L5

Question 42

Sacral nerves

Answer 42

Five pairs -S1-S5

Question 43

Coccygeal nerve

Answer 43

Just one -Co1

Question 44

Dermatomes

Answer 44

Specific area of the skin innervated by each spinal nerve

Question 45

Four major nerve plexus groups

Answer 45

-Cervical plexus -Brachial plexus -Lumbar plexus -Sacral plexus

Question 46

Cervical plexus Key nerve

Answer 46

Phrenic nerve-Stimulates the diaphragm for breathing

Question 47

Brachial plexus key nerves

Answer 47

-axillary nerve -Radial nerve -Ulnar nerve -Median nerve

Question 48

Lumbar plexus key nerve

Answer 48

Femoral nerve

Question 49

Sacral plexus key nerve

Answer 49

Sciatic nerve-Largest nerve in the body. Runs down the back of the thigh