Ch 13: Endocrine

Question 1

Endocrine system functions

Answer 1

-Growth and repair of tissues
-Balance of energy
-Response to stress
-Maintenance of pH levels
-Reproduction

Question 2

Steroid hormones

Answer 2

-made from cholesterol
-Estrogen and testosterone
-Aldosterone

Question 3

Nonsteroid hormones

Answer 3

-Protein-based (Made from amino acids)
-Insulin
-Antidiuretic hormone
-Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 4

Connecter of hypothalamus and pituitary gland

Answer 4

Infundibulum

Question 5

Adenohypophysis

Answer 5

-Anterior pituitary
-Hypothalamus secretes hormones that cause it to either secrete or stop secreting a hormone
-Composed of glandular tissue

Question 6

Neurohypophysis

Answer 6

-Posterior pituitary
-Hypothalamus produces the hormones that are stored and released here
-Composed of neural tissue

Question 7

Hormones made by the hypothalamus

Answer 7

-Oxytocin
-Antidiuretic hormone
-Stored in posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)

Question 8

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Answer 8

-Stimulates the thyroid to secrete it’s hormones
-Anterior pituitary

Question 9

Prolactin

Answer 9

Stimulates milk production
-Anterior pituitary

Question 10

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Answer 10

Stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete corticosteroids

Question 11

Growth hormone or somatotropin (GH)

Answer 11

Promotes proteins synthesis, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, bone and skeleton muscle growth
-Anterior pituitary

Question 12

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Answer 12

-Stimulates ovulation and oestrogen and progesterone synthesis in females
-Secretion of testosterone by males
-Anterior pituitary

Question 13

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Answer 13

Stimulates the production of eggs in females and sperm in males

Question 14

Oxytocin

Answer 14

Stimulates contraction of the uterus during childbirth and triggers the release of breast milk

Question 15

Antidiuretic hormone or vasopressin

Answer 15

Acts on the kidneys to reduce urine volume and prevent dehydration

Question 16

Pineal gland

Answer 16

-Tiny gland in the centre of the brain
-Produces melatonin
-Melatonin triggers sleepiness
-Melatonin may also be part of the timing of puberty

Question 17

Thymus produces these two hormones

Answer 17

-Thymosin
-Thymopoietin
-Develops the immune system

Question 18

Thyroid hormones

Answer 18

Triiodothyronine & thyroxine
-Increase the rate of metabolism

Calcitonin
-Triggers the deposition of calcium in bone in response to rising blood calcium levels

Question 19

Parathyroid hormone

Answer 19

Causes calcium to be released into the bloodstream

Question 20

What happens when there is an excess of calcium ions in the blood

Answer 20

Thyroid releases calcitonin
-Calcitonin causes calcium ions to move from the blood to bone, lowering blood calcium levels

Question 21

What happens when there’s not enough calcium in blood

Answer 21

Parathyroid releases PTH
-PTH causes calcium to move from the bones, kidneys, and intestines into the blood

Question 22

Two parts of adrenal glands

Answer 22

Medulla and cortex

Question 23

Adrenal medulla hormones

Answer 23

Epinephrine and norepinephrine
-Augment the fight or flight response
-Prepare the body for physical activity by increasing heart rate and blood pressure etc.

Question 24

Adrenal cortex hormones

Answer 24

Mineralocorticoids
-Aldosterone, which acts on the kidney to control fluid balance

Question 25

Pancreas endocrine function

Answer 25

Islets of Langerhans -Contain alpha beta and Delta cells

Question 26

Alpha cells

Answer 26

-Secrete glucagon -Stimulates the liver to start gluconeogenesis releasing glucose into the blood stream between meals

Question 27

Beta cells

Answer 27

-Secrete insulin -Stimulates cells to absorb glucose and amino acids after eating

Question 28

Delta cells

Answer 28

-Secrete somatostatin -Inhibits the release of both glucagon and insulin when not needed, as well as the release of growth hormone

Question 29

After eating, This happens to blood glucose levels

Answer 29

-Glucose levels rise -High glucose levels stimulate beta cells to secrete insulin

Question 30

Insulin causes two things

Answer 30

-Stimulates cells to take up more glucose -Causes the liver to take up glucose and store it as glycogen

Question 31

What happens When blood glucose levels drop below a certain point

Answer 31

-Alpha cells release glucagon into the blood -Glucagon stimulates the liver to break down stored glycogen into glucose which it releases into the bloodstream

Question 32

Ovarian follicle secretes

Answer 32

Estrogen -Promotes the development of female sex characteristics

Question 33

What is corpus luteum and what does it secrete

Answer 33

Tissue left behind after an ovarian follicle ruptures -Secretes progesterone -Works with oestrogen to maintain uterine lining during pregnancy

Question 34

What are prostaglandins

Answer 34

Lipid molecules that integrate the activities of other cells

Question 35

How are prostaglandins different from hormones

Answer 35

They are released within the tissue where they are produced so they only influence neighbouring cells, not distant organs