Ch 11 PPT Notes Flashcards
(82 cards)
1
Q
Endocrine System Function
A
Endocrine glands secrete hormones
2
Q
Hormones Purpose
A
Regulate body activities (Metabolic rate; Water and mineral balance; Immune system reactions; Sexual functioning)
3
Q
Organs of the Endocrine System
A
Adrenal glands; Ovaries; Pancreas (islets of Langerhans); Parathyroid glands; Pineal gland; Pituitary gland; Testes; Thymus gland; Thyroid gland
4
Q
acr/o
A
extremities
5
Q
adren/o; adrenal/o
A
adrenal glands
6
Q
andr/o
A
male
7
Q
calc/o
A
calcium
8
Q
crin/o
A
to secrete
9
Q
estr/o
A
female
10
Q
gluc/o
A
glucose
11
Q
glyc/o; glycos/o
A
sugar
12
Q
gonad/o
A
sex glands
13
Q
home/o
A
sameness
14
Q
iod/o
A
iodine
15
Q
kal/i
A
potassium
16
Q
ket/o
A
ketones
17
Q
mineral/o
A
minerals; electrolytes
18
Q
natr/o
A
sodium
19
Q
ophthalm/o
A
eye
20
Q
ovari/o
A
ovary
21
Q
pancreat/o
A
pancreas
22
Q
parathyroid/o
A
parathyroid gland
23
Q
pineal/o
A
pineal gland
24
Q
pituitar/o
A
pituitary gland
25
testicul/o
testes
26
thym/o
thymus
27
thyr/o; thyroid/o
thyroid gland
28
toxic/o
poison
29
–crine
to secrete
30
–dipsia
thirst
31
–prandial
relating to a meal
32
–pressin
to press down
33
–tropin
to stimulate
34
Purpose of glands
Secrete hormones directly into bloodstream:
Chemicals that act on target organs.
Increase or decrease target’s activity level.
Instrumental in maintaining homeostasis:
Maintain stable internal environment
35
Two types of glands in body
Exocrine glands & endocrine glands
36
Exocrine glands
Release secretions into duct that carries them to outside of body (Example: sweat glands)
37
Endocrine glands
Release hormones directly into bloodstream; Have no ducts; referred to as ductless glands (Example: thyroid gland )
38
Glands of the Endocrine System
Adrenal glands (x2); Parathyroid glands(x4); Pancreas; Pineal gland; Pituitary gland; Ovaries (x2); Testes (x2); Thymus gland; Thyroid gland
39
Corticosteroids
Steroid hormones secreted by adrenal cortex.
40
Three different families of corticosteroids
Mineralocorticoids; Glucocorticoids; Steroid sex hormones
41
Mineralocorticoid
Regulates sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) levels (Example: aldosterone)
42
Glucocorticoid
Regulates carbohydrates (Example: cortisol)
43
Steroid sex hormones
Regulate secondary sexual characteristics (Androgens; estrogen; and progesterone)
44
Adrenal Medulla
Inner portion; Secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine critical during emergency situations.
45
Epinephrine is also called
Adrenaline
46
Ovaries
Two located in pelvic cavity of females;
| Secrete female sex hormones; estrogen and progesterone.
47
Estrogen is responsible for:
Female sexual characteristics; Regulation of menstrual cycle
48
Progesterone
Maintains suitable uterine environment for pregnancy
49
Pancreas
Located along lower curvature of stomach.
| Only organ that has both endocrine and exocrine functions.
50
Pancreas: exocrine portion
Releases digestive enzymes through duct into duodenum
51
Pancreas: endocrine portion
Islets of Langerhans.
| Produce insulin and glucagon
52
Insulin
Produced by beta cells in endocrine section in pancreas.
Stimulates cells of body to take in glucose from bloodstream.
Lowers blood sugar level.
Occurs after eating a meal and absorbing carbohydrates.
53
Glucagon
Produced by alpha cells in the endocrine section of pancreas.
Stimulates liver to release stored glucose into bloodstream.
Raises blood sugar levels.
Occurs when body needs more glucose.
54
Parathyroid Glands
4 tiny glands on dorsal surface of thyroid gland.
| Secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH) .
55
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Regulates level of calcium in bloodstream
56
If calcium levels in blood fall too low:
Parathyroid hormone levels in the blood increase
57
Pineal Gland
Small pinecone shaped gland in thalamus of brain.
| Secretes melatonin.
58
Melatonin
Not well understood but plays a role in regulating body’s circadian rhythm.
59
Anterior Pituitary
Referred to as “master gland”.
Secretes hormones that regulate other endocrine glands:
Thyroid-stimulating hormone & Adrenocorticotropin hormone.
60
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Regulates function of thyroid gland
61
Adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH)
Regulates function of adrenal cortex
62
Gonadotropins
```
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
```
63
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Responsible for development of ova and sperm.
| Also stimulates ovary to secrete estrogen.
64
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Stimulates secretion of sex hormones.
| Plays a role in releasing ova in females.
65
Growth hormone (GH)
Also called somatotropin.
| Stimulates cells to grow and divide.
66
Prolactin (PRL)
Stimulates milk production in breast
67
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
Stimulates melanocytes to produce more melanin
68
Posterior Pituitary
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
69
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Also called vasopressin.
| Promotes water reabsorption by the kidney tubules.
70
Oxytocin
Stimulates uterine contractions during labor and delivery.
| After birth stimulates release of milk from breast.
71
Testes
Two oval glands located in scrotum.
| Secrete male sex hormone, testosterone.
72
Testosterone
Produces male secondary sexual characteristics.
| Regulates sperm production.
73
Thymus Gland
Located in mediastinum.
Part of immune system.
Also endocrine gland (secretes thymosin).
74
Thymosin
Essential for growth and development of thymic lymphocytes or T cells.
Critical part of immune system.
75
Thymus Gland
Present at birth and grows to largest size during puberty.
| At puberty begins to shrink and eventually is replaced with connective and adipose tissue.
76
Thyroid hormones
Hormones regulate energy production & adjust metabolic rate.
Thyroxine (T4)
Triiodothyronine (T3)
77
Thyroid Gland
Resembles butterfly shape on either side of trachea.
Divided into right & left lobes.
Secretes thyroid hormones & calcitonin.
Needs iodine to make hormones.
78
Adrenal Glands
2: one above each kidney
Each broken into 2 sections:
Adrenal cortex & adrenal medulla
79
Circadian Rhythm?
24-hour clock that governs periods of wakefulness and sleepiness.
80
Pituitary Gland
Small marble shaped gland underneath the brain.
Divided into anterior & posterior lobes.
Regulated by hypothalamus.
81
Calcitonin
Regulates level of calcium in bloodstream
82
If calcium levels in blood rise too high:
Calcitonin levels in blood increase
